English Vocabulary & Reported Speech: Core Language Skills

English Vocabulary & Phrasal Verbs: Unit 1

Emotions, Qualities & Actions

• Mood: humor (estat d'ànim)
• Tough: dur, resistent
• Approach: enfocament, mètode
• All the rage: molt de moda, popular
• Remain: romandre, quedar-se
• Accurate: exacte, precís
• Firm: ferm, sòlid
• Trigger: desencadenar, provocar

Sensory Vocabulary

• Mouth-watering: que fa venir ganes de menjar
• Scent: olor (agradable)
• Weird: estrany, peculiar
• Nasty: desagradable, lleig
• Purchase: adquirir, comprar
• Take advantage of: aprofitar-se de, treure avantatge de

Phrasal Verbs: Start & Set

• Started out: començar (una activitat, carrera)
• Started over: tornar a començar
• Startup: muntar una empresa, posar en marxa
• Set off: provocar, iniciar (un viatge, una alarma)
• Set back: endarrerir, costar (diners)

Phrasal Verbs: Bring

• Brings back: recordar, fer tornar (un record)
• Bring along: portar amb un mateix

Adjectives for Senses

• Bitter: amarg
• Tasty: saborós
• Bright: lluminós, brillant
• Pale: pàl·lid
• Pleasant: agradable
• Disgusting: fastigós, repugnant
• Faint: dèbil, tènue
• Deafening: ensordidor
• Smooth: suau, llis
• Rough: aspre, rocós

Nouns for Senses & Sounds

• Odour: olor (sovint desagradable), pudor
• Savoury: gustós, salat (adj.)
• Stink: pudor (nom.)
• Flavour: gust (nom.)
• Rhythm: ritme
• Whisper: xiuxiueig (nom.)
• Stare: mirada fixa (nom.)
• Patter: patró, repic (de pluja)
• Stroke: traç, carícia

English Vocabulary & Word Families: Unit 2

People, Actions & Qualities

• Referee: àrbitre
• Overheard: sentit per casualitat
• Flee: fugir
• Buried: enterrat
• Nodded: va assentir (amb el cap)
• Settled for: conformar-se amb
• Cheered: va aplaudir, va animar
• Self-centred: egocèntric
• Turn into: convertir-se en
• Push around: abusar de, dominar
• Fake: fals, imitat

Word Families & Derivations

• Manage: verb / Manager: noun (persona) / Management: noun (gestió) / Manageable: adj. (manejable)
• Marry: verb / Marriage: noun (matrimoni) / Married: adj. (casat/da)
• Prefer: verb / Preference: noun (preferència) / Preferable: adj. (preferible)
• Construct: verb / Construction: noun (construcció) / Constructive: adj. (constructiu)
• Interest: verb/noun / Interest: noun (interès) / Interested: adj. (interessat) / Interesting: adj. (interessant)
• Sense: verb/noun / Sensation: noun (sensació) / Sensitive: adj. (sensible, emocional) / Sensible: adj. (sensat, pràctic)
• Frustrate: verb / Frustration: noun (frustració) / Frustrated: adj. (frustrat) / Frustrating: adj. (frustrant)
• Lose: verb / Loss: noun (pèrdua) / Lost: adj. (perdut)

Family & Relationships Vocabulary

• Sibling: germà/na
• Niece: neboda
• Nephew: nebot
• Widow: vídua
• Relative: familiar
• Great-grandparent: besavi/besàvia
• Brother-in-law: cunyat
• Spouse: cònjuge

Relationship Status & Life Events

• Engaged: promès/promesa
• Pregnant: embarassada
• Inherit: heretar
• Bond: vincle, llaç
• Raised: criat/da (educat)

Phrasal Verbs for Relationships

• Grown apart: allunyar-se (en una relació)
• Gets along (with): portar-se bé (amb)
• Looks up to: admirar, respectar
• Takes after: assemblar-se a (físicament o en caràcter)
• Live up to: estar a l'altura de, complir les expectatives

Reported Speech: Grammar Rules & Reporting Verbs

Basic Structures for Reported Speech

• Statements: He said/told me that + subject + verb (tense changed).
• Questions: He asked (me) if/whether / wh-word + subject + verb (tense changed).
• Commands/Requests: He asked/told me/him... (not) to + infinitive verb.

Verb Tense Changes in Reported Speech

When the reporting verb is in the past (e.g., said, told, asked), the verb tense in the reported clause usually shifts back:

• Present Simple (work) → Past Simple (worked)
• Present Continuous (is working) → Past Continuous (was working)
• Past Simple (worked) → Past Perfect (had worked)
• Past Continuous (was working) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been working)
• Present Perfect (have worked) → Past Perfect (had worked)
• Present Perfect Continuous (have been working) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been working)
• Future Simple (will work) → Conditional (would work)
• Can → Could
• May → Might
• Must → Had to

Pronoun & Adverb Changes

Pronouns and possessive adjectives often change to reflect the new speaker's perspective:

• I, me, my → he, him, his / she, her, hers
• We, us, our → they, them, their

Time and place adverbs also shift:

• Tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• Yesterday → the day before / the previous day
• Ago → before
• Today → that day
• Now → then
• Here → there
• This → that
• These → those

Reporting Verbs with Different Structures

1. VERB + (OBJECT) + TO + INFINITIVE

Used for agreements, promises, offers, refusals, threats, demands, advice, requests, invitations, orders, reminders, warnings, and begging.

• Agree (to do something)
• Promise (to do something)
• Offer (to do something)
• Refuse (to do something)
• Threaten (to do something)
• Demand (to do something)
• Advise (someone to do something)
• Ask (someone to do something)
• Invite (someone to do something)
• Order (someone to do something)
• Remind (someone to do something)
• Warn (someone to do something)
• Beg (someone to do something)

2. VERB + (PREPOSITION) + -ING

Used for admissions, denials, suggestions, complaints, accusations, apologies, and insistence.

• Admit (doing something)
• Deny (doing something)
• Suggest (doing something)
• Complain of (doing something)
• Accuse of (doing something)
• Apologise for (doing something)
• Insist on (doing something)

3. VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + VERB

Used for complaints, recommendations, insistence, boasts, replies, claims, statements, declarations, explanations, information, mentions, and announcements.

• Complain (that...)
• Recommend (that...)
• Insist (that...)
• Boast (that...)
• Reply (that...)
• Claim (that...)
• State (that...)
• Declare (that...)
• Explain (that...)
• Inform (someone that...)
• Mention (that...)
• Announce (that...)