English Vocabulary and Grammar: Key Concepts

English Vocabulary and Grammar

Phrasal Verbs and Vocabulary

Breathtaking (asombroso), look into, look out for (tener cuidado), flock (birds), herd (elephants), pack (dogs), pride (lion), school (dolphin), troop (monkey), dam (manada), once you've done it. Come across (cruzar), get away (irse), get off (bajar), see off (despedir), set off (activar), speed up, stop over, take off (despegar), blizzard (ventisca), breeze (brisa), drizzle (llovizna), frost, gale (vendaval), hailstorm, mist (niebla), sleet (aguanieve), score, be in a league of their own, neck and neck, no match for, get off to a good start, put up a good fight, be about to (a punto de).

Agree, complain (quejarse), reply, amateur (aficionado), newcomer, script (guion), sketch, spotlight, stage, venue, blockbuster (taquillazo), film buff, shoot (rodaje). Bookmark (marcar), sign up, upload, actually, currently, behavior (comportamiento), rudeness, respectful, bring up (traer), catch up (ponerse al día), cheer up (animar), put up.

Chill out, cut down, face up to, open up to, aching (dolorido), bruised (magullado), injury (lesionado), sore (doloroso), sprained (esguince), swollen (inchado), keep in, lie around, wrap up (envolver), advise. Boost (impulsar), crash, perform (realizar), release (liberar), develop, support.

Advertise, appeal (reclamar), broadcast (emitir), auction (subasta), bid (oferta), browse (ojear), charge (supplemento), purchase, supplier, aisle (pasillo), checkout (caja), counter (mostrador), packaging (embalaje). Dependable (confiable), supportive (solidario), sympathetic (comprensivo), sensible (sensato). Scroll, swipe, update, pick up (recoger), take up (comenzar), try out (probar), afford (permitir), borrow (prestado), waste, fur, further.

Future Tenses

• Will: predictions, opinions (perhaps, maybe)
• Be going to: evidence, intentions
• Present Simple: events on a timetable
• Present Continuous: fixed plans

Reported Speech

Changes to consider:

• The day/week before
• The following day/week
• Here - there
• This/these - that/those
• Present Simple - Past Simple
• Past Simple + Present Perfect Simple - Past Perfect Simple
• Can - could

Verb Patterns

• To + infinitive: after adjectives (agree, appear, decide, learn, need, promise, want)
• Infinitive: after modal verbs
• -ing form: when the subject is the verb, no difference (like, love…), stop, try

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: Present Simple - Present Simple (general truths)
• First Conditional: Present Simple - Future Simple (possible situations)
• Second Conditional: Past Simple - Conditional (would + base form) (improbable situations)
• Third Conditional: Past Perfect - Perfect Conditional (would have + past participle) (impossible past situations)

Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns

• Ourselves
• Yourselves
• Themselves
• Each other
• One another