English Vocabulary & Grammar Essentials for Learners

Essential English Vocabulary

Transport Terminology

• capable of - capaz de
• come up with - proponer
• get around - moverse
• high speed - alta velocidad
• hop on - subirse a
• load - carga
• long-distance - de larga distancia
• network - red
• reach - alcanzar
• risky - arriesgado
• run on - funcionar con
• set up - construir
• ship - enviar
• standard of living - nivel de vida
• steam - de vapor
• time-consuming - que requiere mucho tiempo
• track - vía

Nature & Outdoors Vocabulary

• berry - baya
• branch - rama
• cave - cueva
• crop - cosecha
• dawn - amanecer
• dig - cavar
• get away from it all - escapar de todo
• head for - ir a
• nut - fruto seco
• pick - coger
• root - raíz
• seed - semilla
• soil - tierra
• sunrise - salida del sol
• sunset - puesta de sol
• tide - marea
• trunk - tronco
• wave - ola
• woods - bosque

Environmental Terms & Concepts

• ban - prohibir
• bring back to life - devolver la vida
• drilling - perforación
• expose - exponer
• fossil fuel - hidrocarburo
• global warming - calentamiento global
• landscape - paisaje
• oil spill - fuga de petróleo
• raise money - recaudar dinero
• renewable energy - energía renovable
• restore - restaurar
• solar powered - que funciona con energía solar
• source - fuente, origen
• take action - actuar
• threat - amenaza
• wildlife - flora y fauna

Vocabulary for Challenges & Difficulties

• anxiety - ansiedad
• common - común
• cope with - hacer frente a
• disability - discapacidad
• face - afrontar
• fear - miedo
• helpless - incapacitado
• keep your options open - mantener las puertas abiertas
• make up your mind - decidirse
• outcome - resultado
• struggle - tener problemas
• suffer - sufrir
• support - apoyar
• think long and hard - pensárselo mucho
• tough decision - decisión difícil
• treatment - tratamiento
• turn to - acudir a
• upset - molestar

Social Media Terminology

• account - cuenta
• block - bloquear
• channel - canal
• delete - borrar
• follower - seguidor
• go viral - hacerse viral
• hack - piratear
• password - contraseña
• privacy - privacidad
• profile - perfil
• release - poner a la venta
• screenshot - captura de pantalla
• settings - ajustes
• sign into - iniciar sesión en
• subscribe - suscribirse
• update - actualización
• upload - subir (a internet)
• view - visualización

Key English Grammar Concepts

Understanding English Modal Verbs

• may/might - posibilidad
• be able to - habilidad y posibilidad
• can/could - habilidad y posibilidad, dar y pedir permiso
• must/have to/need to - obligación y necesidad
• mustn't - prohibición
• should - dar y pedir consejos

Using Gerunds (Verb + -ing)

Gerunds are used in several contexts:

• As the subject of a sentence.
• After prepositions.
• After verbs that express like/dislike.
• After verbs such as enjoy, finish, avoid, miss, recommend, suggest, imagine, keep, mind.
• In verbal forms like can't help, feel like, can't stand, don't mind, look forward to, it's no use.

Mastering Infinitives (To + Verb)

Infinitives are used in various situations:

• After adjectives.
• After verbs such as decide, want, promise, hope, pretend, refuse, offer, agree, seem, appear, choose, expect, learn, plan, wish, allow.
• With expressions like would like, would love, would prefer.

Verbs with Both Gerunds & Infinitives: STOP, REMEMBER, FORGET

These verbs can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives, often with a change in meaning depending on the form used.

Understanding Conditional Sentences

• Zero Conditional

  Structure: If + present simple, present simple

• First Conditional

  Structure: If + present simple, will + infinitive (or unless = if + not)

English Passive Voice Structures

• Present Simple Passive

  Structure: is / are + past participle

• Past Simple Passive

  Structure: was / were + past participle