English Verb Tenses, Modals & Reported Speech

English Verb Tenses and Examples

• Present Simple (salto) → She jumps
• Present Continuous (estoy saltando) → I am jumping
• Past Simple (salté) → I jumped
• Past Continuous (estaba saltando) → I was jumping
• Present Perfect Simple (he saltado) → I have jumped
• Present Perfect Continuous (he estado saltando) → I have been jumping
• Past Perfect Simple (había saltado) → I had jumped
• Past Perfect Continuous (había estado saltando) → I had been jumping
• Future Simple (saltaré) → I will jump
• Future Continuous (estaré saltando) → I will be jumping
• Future Perfect (habré saltado) → I will have jumped
• Future Perfect Continuous (habré estado saltando) → I will have been jumping

Connectors, Reported Speech and Equivalents

SO AS → para    SAY → said to    TELL → told (sin "to")

IN ORDER → para    TOO → so    ANYTHING → something

WHETHER → if    ALLOW → (permitir + -ing)

BEFORE → antes    CAUSATIVE → (suj + tiempo en (have) + que + vb)

PROVIDING → como    IF ONLY → si tan sólo / ojalá

DESPITE → a pesar de    ALTHOUGH → aunque

Sequence, Wishes and Modal Notes

• Presente → Past Simple
• I wish - pasado → had + V3*
• Might → puede ser
• Must → debe (obligación / prohibir)
• Can / Could → puede
• Suggested → sugerir + -ing
• I wonder → me pregunto + what/who...
• Perhaps → puede que (may)
• Consejo → should
• Asked (sí o no) → if
• Respuesta normal → con cambios

Passive and Reported Speech Notes

PASIVA -> SUJETO + VB + 3*            REPORTED SPEECH
EAT --- IS                          STUDIES ----- studied
ATE -- WAS                          AM STUDYING -- was studying
WILL EAT --- WILL BE                HAVE STUDIED -- had studied
HAVE -- HAVE BEEN                   HAS BEEN STUDYING -- had been studying
IS EATING -- IS BEING               ARRIVED --- had arrived
WILL HAVE -- WILL HAVE BEEN         WAS STUDYING -- had been studying
SHOULD -- SHOULD BE                 WILL STUDY --- WOULD STUDY
COULD HAVE -- COULD HAVE BEEN       CAN --- COULD