English Verb Tenses: A Comprehensive Guide
Classified in English
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Present Tenses
- Present Simple: 3rd person -s (canto; usually, always, every... daily actions)
- Present Continuous: to be + vb-ing (estoy cantando; now, tonight, tomorrow, at the moment... actions in progress)
- Present Perfect: have/has + 3rd column (he ido; already, yet, just, never, ever...)
- Present Perfect Continuous: have/has + been + vb-ing (he estado comiendo)
Past Tenses
- Past Simple: -ed, 2nd column (canté; last week, yesterday, ago...)
- Past Continuous: was/were + vb-ing (estuve cantando; yesterday)
- Past Perfect: had + 3rd column (había comido)
- Past Perfect Continuous: had + been + vb-ing (había estado comiendo)
Future Tenses
- Future Simple: will + vb infinitive (comeré; future predictions, spontaneous decisions, promises)
- Be Going To: be + going + to infinitive (intentions, predictions with evidence)
- Future Continuous: will + be + vb-ing (estará trabajando; by Saturday, one day, by the time)
- Future Perfect: will + have/has + vb-ed/3rd column (habrás comido; in the next, at this time, on Thursday; past action in progress)
Modals
Deductions
- Present: could/may/might (possible), must (almost certain), can't (almost certain)
- Past: may have/might have/could have, must have, can't have/couldn't have + pp
Obligation
- Present: must/have to
- Past: had to
Impersonal Passive
- Subject + passive + to infinitive -> it + passive + that...
Passive Voice
- build -> is/are built
- is building -> is being built
- built -> was/were built
- was/were building -> was being built
- have/has built -> have been built
- had built -> had been built
- will/would/should build -> will/would/should be built
Conditional
- 0 - if + present simple, present simple
- 1st - if + past simple, will + vb
- 2nd - if + past simple, would + vb
- 3rd - if + past perfect, would have + pp
Relative Clauses
- (Person, thing, possession) who, whom, whose (person) / which, which, whose (thing)
Reported Speech
- Present simple -> past simple
- Present continuous -> past continuous
- Past simple -> past perfect
- Present perfect -> past perfect
- Past continuous -> past continuous or past perfect continuous
- Past perfect -> past perfect
- Shall/will -> should/would
- Can/may -> could/might
- Must -> must or had to
- This -> that
- These -> those