English Question Words, Simple Past, and There Is/Are

English Question Words (Wh-Words)

Who (quem)

Who is a subject pronoun used in questions.

Examples:

• Who is that beautiful girl? (Quem é aquela moça bonita?)
• Who likes soccer? (Quem gosta de futebol?)
• Who was playing with you? (Quem estava brincando com você?)

Whom (a quem)

Whom is an object pronoun used in questions (often formal).

Examples:

• Whom did you kiss at the party? (Quem você beijou na festa?)
• With whom did Peter go? (Com quem Peter foi?)

Whose (de quem)

Whose indicates possession.

Examples:

• Whose pencil is this? (De quem é este lápis?)
• Whose house is that? (De quem é aquela casa?)

Which (qual, quais)

Which is used when choosing between options.

Examples:

• Which of those men is your father? (Qual daqueles homens é seu pai?)
• Which sock do you prefer: the yellow one or the pink one? (Qual meia você prefere: a amarela ou a rosa?)

What (o que, qual)

What is used for general questions about things or actions.

Examples:

• What did you say? (O que você disse?)
• What should I do? (O que eu deveria fazer?)

Where (onde)

Where asks about location.

Examples:

• Where is Mary? (Onde está Mary?)
• Where was Daniel last week? (Onde Daniel estava semana passada?)
• Where are the toys and objects? (Onde estão os brinquedos e objetos?)

Why (por que)

Why asks for a reason.

Examples:

• Why did you run? (Por que você correu?)
• Why did you catch that? (Por que você pegou isso?)

When (quando)

When asks about time.

Examples:

• When were you born? (Quando você nasceu?)
• When did he go? (Quando ele saiu?)

How (como)

How asks about manner or method.

Examples:

• How do you usually go to work? (Como você geralmente vai para o trabalho?)
• How's your family? (Como vai sua família?)

Note:

• How much = Quanto (for uncountable nouns)
• How many = Quantos (for countable nouns)

Auxiliary Verbs

• Do = Fazer (used in present simple questions/negatives for I, you, we, they)
• Does = Faz (used in present simple questions/negatives for he, she, it)
• Is = É / Está (form of 'to be' for singular subjects)
• Are = São / Estão (form of 'to be' for plural subjects and 'you')

Simple Past Tense

Regular Verbs: Adding -d, -ed, or -ied

Rules for forming the affirmative of regular verbs:

1. Add -d to verbs ending in -e:
   • live - lived
   • love - loved
   • agree - agreed
   • tie - tied
2. For verbs ending in consonant + y, remove the -y and add -ied:
   • study - studied
   • cry - cried
3. Add -ed to verbs ending in vowel + y:
   • play - played
   • stay - stayed
4. Add -ed to most other regular verbs:
   • work - worked
   • kiss - kissed

Simple Past Conjugation (Example: to study)

Affirmative:

• I studied
• You studied
• He studied
• She studied
• It studied
• We studied
• You studied
• They studied

Negative (using 'did not' or 'didn't' + base form):

• I didn't study
• You didn't study
• He didn't study
• She didn't study
• It didn't study
• We didn't study
• You didn't study
• They didn't study

Interrogative (using 'Did' + subject + base form):

• Did I study...?
• Did you study...?
• Did he study...?
• Did she study...?
• Did it study...?
• Did we study...?
• Did you study...?
• Did they study...?

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs have unique past tense forms.

Examples (Verb - Simple Past):

• eat - ate
• drink - drank
• sleep - slept
• go - went
• have - had
• make - made
• buy - bought
• think - thought
• see - saw
• come - came
• give - gave
• speak - spoke

Using 'There to be' (Haver / Existir)

Present Tense

• There is = Há / Existe (used for singular nouns)
• There are = Há / Existem (used for plural nouns)

Negative Form:

• There is not (There isn't)
• There are not (There aren't)

Interrogative Form:

• Is there...?
• Are there...?