English Grammar and Water Cycle Essentials

Verb "To Be" Forms

Am, are, is

Present Simple

Infinitive or add 's' / Use don't for negatives

Past Simple

Add -ed (or second column for irregular verbs) / S + didn't + infinitive / Did + subject + infinitive

Used for actions at a specific time, consecutive actions in the past, a short action interrupting a longer one, or describing past states.

Past Tense of "To Be"

Was/were

Passive Voice

Subject + to be + past participle (-ed or third column) + by + agent

• Present Simple: am/are/is + past participle
• Past Simple: was/were + past participle
• Present Continuous: am/are/is being + past participle
• Past Continuous: was/were being + past participle
• Present Perfect: have/has + been + past participle
• Modal: modal + be + past participle
• Future Simple: will be + past participle

Question Words

• Who - person
• Whose - possession
• Which - object
• Where - place
• When - time

Who/which/that can be omitted if there are two subjects.

Hydroelectric Power

Components

Reservoir, dam, generator, transformer, powerhouse, power lines, intake, control gate, penstock, canal, turbine, outflow

Process

Water collected in a reservoir flows through an intake into a penstock when the control gate is open. The water's force spins turbines, providing power for the generator to produce energy. A transformer converts this energy into electricity, carried by power lines. The water returns to the river via the outflow.

Prepositions of Time

• On - dates, months, special holidays
• At - beginnings, ends, days of the week, clock times

Water Cycle

The sun heats the ocean. Ocean water evaporates and rises. Water vapor cools and condenses into droplets, forming clouds. If enough water condenses, the drops fall as rain or snow. Some rain collects in groundwells; the rest flows through rivers back to the ocean.

Vocabulary

• Lever - palanca
• Socket - enchufe
• Gauge - indicador
• Air vent - reja de ventilación
• Knob - botón de rosca
• Handle - maneta
• Cover - tapa
• Fan - ventilador
• Lead - cable de corriente
• Plug in/unplug - conectar/desconectar
• Lock - cerrar con llave/bloquear