English Grammar and Vocabulary Units 5 and 6
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UNIT 5
Grammar
- The Zero Conditional:
(if + present simple, ... present simple)
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. - The First Conditional:
(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema. - The Second Conditional:
(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world. - The Third Conditional
(if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.
First cond → If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
Second cond → If you worked hard, you’d pass the exam.
was → Second cond → If I were you, I’d accept the job / If she were more patient, she’d be happier.
Unless = If
· Surfing the internet can become addictive.
· Smoking is bad for you.
· After leaving the café.
· Instead of going out.
Vocabulary
Topic vocabulary
achievement → logro
child prodigy → niño prodigio
defy belief → increíble
display outstanding talent → gran talento
exceptionally gifted → superdotado
from an early age → desde edad temprana
great skill → gran habilidad
leave (someone) speechless → dejar a alguien boquiabierto
precocious → precoz
remarkable → notable
show signs of extraordinary ability → apuntar maneras
staggering → asombroso
Phrasal verbs with out
Carry out → llevar a cabo
find out → descubrir
pass out → desmayarse
watch out → vigilar
work out → entrenarse
Negative prefixes for adjectives
un-
unacceptable → inaceptable
unavoidable → inevitable
unbelievable → increíble
unemployed → despedido
unforgettable → inolvidable
unfriendly → antipático
unkind → desagradable
unlucky → con poca suerte (gafe)
unpopular → no popular
unreliable → no fiable
unwilling → sin ganas de nada
unwise → imprudente
in-
inaccurate → incorrecto
incomplete → incompleto
incorrect → incorrecto
inexpensive → no caro
intolerable → intolerable
im-
immature → inmaduro
impolite → maleducado
impractical → no práctico
ir-
irrelevant → irrelevante
irresponsible → irresponsable
dis-
dishonest → no honrado
disobedient → desobediente
disrespectful → irrespetuoso
Adjective + preposition
bad at → malo en
brilliant at → brillante en
good at → bueno en
surprised at → que te sorprende algo
kind to → amable con
rude to → maleducado con
annoyed with → enojado con
obsessed with → obsesionado con
interested in → interesado en
keen on → que te gusta algo
UNIT 6
Grammar
Meaning | Modal verb | Examples |
| Ability | can be able to could | He can swim very well. She’s been able to ski for years. They could help us but they don’t want to. |
| Possibility/ Speculation | could / may / might | The sky’s dark. It could / may / might rain soon. |
| Positive deduction | must | His face is red. He must be hot. |
| Negative deduction | can’t | She is very honest. She can’t be the thief. |
| Obligation | must / have to | It’s my first day at work tomorrow. I have to / must get up early |
| Necessity | need to | To stop global warming, we need to reduce greenhouse gases. |
| Positive recommendation / Mild obligation | should / ought to | We ought to / should see Uncle Joe this weekend. We haven’t seen him for a long time. |
| Prohibition | mustn’t can’t | You mustn’t smoke in here. It’s illegal. We can’t drive into the city centre. |
| No obligation / No necessity | don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t | I don’t work at the weekend, so I don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t get up early. |
| Negative recommendation | shouldn’t / oughtn’t to | You oughtn’t to / shouldn’t eat so much - you are getting fat |
| Permission / Request | can / could / may | You may leave now. Can / could you open the door? |
Vocabulary
Topic vocabulary
carbon footprint → huella de carbono
eco-friendly → ecológico
(the) environment → el entorno (el medio ambiente)
fossil fuel → combustible fósil
global warming → calentamiento global
greenhouse gases → gases de efecto invernadero
landfill site → vertedero
recycle → reciclar
rubbish dump→ basurero
separate rubbish → basura separada
sustainable development → desarrollo sostenible
waste disposal → depósito de basura (container)
Grow
grow → crecer
He grows vegetables in his garden → cultivar
Carrots grow very well here → crecen
Pollution is growing every year → aumenta
grow up → crecer
growing boy → niño en crecimiento
growing (problems) → problemas que crecen
growth → crecimiento
it’s growing on me → está creciendo en mí
Describing processes and quantities
get (+ adjectives) → obtener
lack → ausencia
lead to → conducir a
rise → subir
trend → tendencia