English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Gerunds, Infinitives, Reported Speech, and More
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Gerund ING
- When the verb is the subject of the sentence: Singing is fun.
- After prepositions (in, on, forward...): I'm interested in learning English.
- After these verbs: Love, Like, Hate, Enjoy, Avoid, Prefer, Finish, Mind, Stop: I enjoy reading books.
Infinitive TO+verb
- After adjectives: I was happy to be with them.
- After these verbs: Forget, Help, Learn, Teach, Want, Try, Decide, Need, Plan, Seem, Promise: I want to learn English.
- After "would like": I would like to eat pizza.
- To give a reason: I went to the library to study math.
Infinitive without TO
- After modal verbs (should, would, could, can, may, must...): I can swim.
- After "Let" and "Make": My mother made me clean my room.
Reported Speech
Tense Changes:
Present - Past: "I am tired." - He said he was tired.
Past - Past Perfect: "I saw a movie." - He said he had seen a movie.
Present Continuous - Past Continuous: "I am watching TV." - He said he was watching TV.
Will - Would: "I will call you later." - He said he would call me later.
Can - Could: "I can swim." - He said he could swim.
Must - Had to: "I must go now." - He said he had to go then.
May - Might: "I may come later." - He said he might come later.
Questions in Reported Speech
Wh- Questions (What, When, Why...)
"What are you looking for?" - He asked what I was looking for.
"Where can we go tonight?" - He asked where we could go that night.
"Who told you that?" - He asked who had told me that.
Yes/No Questions
"Are these your glasses?" - He asked me if those were my glasses.
"Isn't that Jane's boyfriend?" - She asked me if that wasn't Jane's boyfriend.
Vocabulary
T-1
Back up/Support, Fall out/Argue, Finish with/End a relationship with, Friendship group/Group of friends, Gossip about/Spread rumors, Let down/Disappoint, Look out for/Watch out for, Make up/Invent, prepare, Rely on/Depend on, Split up/Break up, Upset/Angry, bothered
Approve of/Agree with, Be ashamed of/Embarrassed by, Be aware of/Conscious of, Belong to/Be owned by, Towards/In the direction of, Decrease in/Reduction in, Depend on/Rely on, Different from/Not the same as, Fearful of/Afraid of, Prevent (something) from (happening)/Stop something from occurring, Protect from/Keep safe from, Puzzled by/Confused by, Result in/Lead to, Similar to/Alike, Typical of/Characteristic of
Bonfire, Celebrate, Costume, Dress up/Wear fancy clothes, Explode, Feast/Large meal, Firework display, Get-together, Harvest/Gathering of crops, Heat/High temperature, Lantern, Mask, Onlookers/Spectators, Parade/Procession, Roosts/Nests, Set off/Begin a journey, depart
Autumn, Cell Phone, CV, Fall, Film, Holiday, Mobile, Movie, Resume, Vacation