English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Conditionals, Phrasal Verbs, and More

CONDITIONALS

As long as (sempre que), providing that (sempre), unless (a menys que), even if (encara que)

0. General Truths and General Habits

If + present simple, present simple
If you add two and two, you get four.

1st Conditional: Possible or Likely Things in the Future

If + present simple,... will + infinitive / will + infinitive...if + present simple
If it rains later, we'll stay at home.

2nd Conditional: Impossible Things in the Present / Unlikely Things in the Future

If + past simple, would + infinitive / would + infinitive... if + past simple
If I won the lottery, I would sail round the world.

3rd Conditional: Things That Didn't Happen in the Past and Their Imaginary Results

If + past perfect, would + have + past participle / would have + past participle...if + past perfect
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

Modals:

1st Conditional:

• Possibility: may/might
• Permission: can
• Obligation: must
• Suggestion: should

2nd Conditional:

• Possibility: could
• Permission: could
• Suggestion: should

3rd Conditional:

• Ability: could have
• Possibility: might have

WISHES AND REGRETS

To express the past:
wish + past perfect – I wish I hadn't voted for him.

To express the present:
wish + could – I wish I could stand for election.

To express a complaint in the present:
wish + would – I wish he would stop making that noise.

VOCABULARY

Unit 1: ON THE PHONE

• call back: tornar a trucar
• cut off: tallar-se el telèfon
• get through: comunicar-se
• hang up: penjar
• listen in: escoltar
• make a call: fer una trucada
• quieten down: parlar més fluix
• ring up: trucar
• run out of: esgotar-se la bateria
• top up: carregar al màxim
• turn down: abaixar el volum

FALSE FRIENDS AND COGNATES

• case: cas
• cure: curar
• etiquette: etiqueta
• manners: maneres
• realize: ser conscient de
• stay: quedar-se

Unit 2: MOVEMENT VERBS

• chase (after): perseguir
• climb (up/along): enfilar-se
• crawl (over): gatejar
• dive (into): capbussar-se
• get (over): superar
• jog (round): córrer al voltant de
• jump (across/into/out/over): travessar d'un salt/ficar-se a, saltar de
• march (along): desfilar al llarg de
• ski (down): esquiar
• skip: saltar
• swim (through): nedar entre
• walk (over): travessar caminant

KEEPING FIT

• become a member: fer-se membre
• bulk up: fer músculs
• enrol (in a class): apuntar-se
• enter (a competition): participar en un concurs
• feel unwell: trobar-se malament
• get into shape: posar-se en forma
• get together: trobar-se
• give up: abandonar, rendir-se
• go on a diet: fer règim
• join (a gym): apuntar-se al gimnàs
• keep fit: estar en forma
• lose weight: perdre pes
• make an appointment: demanar hora
• put on weight: engreixar-se
• stop smoking: deixar de fumar
• take supplements: prendre suplements
• take up: començar a fer/adquirir
• training: entrenament

SUFFIXES

• businessman/woman: home/dona de negocis
• entrant: participant/candidat
• founder: fundador
• organizer: organitzador
• specialist: especialista

Unit 3: IDIOMS

• be bitten by the bug: agafar una dèria
• be hooked on: estar enganxat a
• be on a high: estar eufòric
• be up to your eyeballs in: estar colgat de
• cost an arm and a leg: costar un ronyó
• feel down: estar trist
• get out of hand: descontrolar-se
• go on a spending spree: fer compres d'una manera compulsiva
• live from hand to mouth: viure en l'estretor
• retail therapy: teràpia de compres
• shop on a shoestring: fer compres gastant poc
• shop till you drop: comprar fins a caure rebentat
• tighten your belt: estrènyer-se el cinturó

PHRASAL VERBS

• cheer up: animar-se
• face up to: afrontar
• get through: superar
• go on: continuar
• make up for: compensar

Unit 4: PHRASAL VERBS

• come up against: topar amb
• hand over: entregar, lliurar
• move out: mudar-se
• put up: muntar/alçar
• set off: sortir, posar-se en marxa
• set up: fundar
• spring up: aparèixer
• share out: repartir