English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

Passive Voice

Passive Voice: directs – is directed / is directing – is being directed / directed – was directed / was directing – was being directed / has directed – has been directed / had directed- had been directed / will direct – will be directed / should direct-should be directed / must have directed-must have been directed / is going to direct – is going to be directed

Causative Have

Have causative: have/get + object + past participle (has .. – have had) can:could. May:might. Must/have to: must/had to. Will :would.

Connectors

Connectors: For, to, so that: for: noun, in order to, to: verb in infinitive and so that (will/would) phrase. // Moreover, and in addition (furthermore) at the beginning of the phrase and followed by a comma, in addition to and and and as well as followed by a noun or gerund, also followed by a verb or comma after the verb to be, besides, at the beginning of the phrase followed by a noun or gerund. // On the one hand, on the other hand, (on one/another side) (beginning, and followed by a comma), but, however (beginning) even though (although) nevertheless (however) (followed by comma).

Relative Clauses

Relative:

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining clauses are used in everyday speech. They use: Who, that, which, when, where, whose. If the relative is the subject, it is not omitted; otherwise, it can be. Only omit who, which, and that.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining clauses are used only in writing. That is not used. They are placed between commas or periods, and can never be omitted. If we remove the phrase between commas, the rest of the sentence is still understood.

False Friends

False friends: report (inform), advised (counsel), large (big), carpet (rug), success (achievement), actually (in fact), tips (advice), will pretend (feign), rent (lease).

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs: go on (happen), keep up with (stay informed), break down (stop functioning), turn on (activate), catch on (become popular), came up with (think of an idea), turn off (deactivate), break into (enter illegally), picked out (choose), pick up (collect), take back (return), look around (examine), try on (test clothes), pay back (return money), spent (expend), tested (try out), took care of (look after), went on a date with (had a date), took out (invite), tried out (test to see if it works), paid out (spend).

Adjective Suffixes

Adjective Suffixes: -ful (with), -less (without) help (helpful/helpless), hope (hopeful/hopeless), thought (thoughtful/thoughtless) harm (harmful/harmless) use (useful/useless) pain (painful/painless)

-ed and -ing Adjectives

–ed, -ing Adjectives: -ed (state) , -ing (characteristic)

Noun Suffixes

Noun suffixes: personality, description, argument, relationship, confidence, sadness, appearance, suggestion.

Adjective Order

Adjective order: opinion + size + age + shape + color + origin + material + noun.

Adjective Suffixes

Adjective suffixes: enjoyable, emotional, predictable, realistic, innovative, humorous, dangerous, factual, creative.