English Grammar & Vocabulary: Advanced Language Notes

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Conditional Expressions and Modals

Conditional Conjunctions

• As long as / Providing that (Únicamente si; 1º y 2º condicional)
• Unless (A menos que)
• Even if (Aunque)
• If only (Ojalá)

Perfect Modal Verbs

• Might / May / Could have + Past Participle (Algo que era posible en el pasado)
• Could have + Past Participle (Alternativa posible en el pasado)
• Must have + Past Participle (Certeza o deducción lógica en el pasado)
• Can't have + Past Participle (Algo era imposible en el pasado)
• Should have + Past Participle (Opinión sobre el pasado, ahora es tarde)
• Shouldn't have + Past Participle (Arrepentimiento o crítica sobre el pasado)

Other Modal Structures

• Had better + Infinitive or Had better not + Infinitive (Amenaza)

Common Phrasal Verbs

• Break down (Estropearse)
• Clear up (Ordenar)
• Come in (Entrar)
• Come over (Venir)
• Put up (Poner, colgar)
• Take down (Quitar, retirar)
• Wash up (Fregar)
• Get by (Salir adelante)
• Go up (Subir, aumentar)
• Let off (Dejar marchar)
• Look after (Cuidar)
• Set up (Crear)
• Shut down (Cerrar)
• Break into (Dar el salto a, entrar)
• Come out (Salir al mercado, salir)
• Take off (Despegar, quitarse)
• Take up (Empezar a, llevar, ocupar)
• Turn down (Rechazar, bajar)
• Make up (Hacer las paces, maquillarse, inventarse, compensar)
• Take on (Aceptar, asumir, adquirir, contratar)
• Catch up with (Alcanzar)
• Fill in (Rellenar)
• Give out (Repartir)
• Go over (Repetir)
• Go through (Repasar)
• Hand in (Entregar)
• Pick up (Aprender)
• Call off (Cancelar)
• Join in (Unirse a, participar)
• Sell out (Agotarse)
• Set up (Montar)
• Sign up (Contratar)
• Turn up (Subir)
• Warm up (Ensayar antes)

Essential Vocabulary and Prepositions

General Vocabulary

• Facilities (Instalaciones)
• Homelessness (Vivir en la calle)
• Downside (Aspecto negativo)
• Beg (Suplicar)
• Perform (Actuar)
• Release (Publicar)

Adjectives with Negative Prefixes

• Dishonest
• Disobedient
• Illegal
• Illogical
• Impolite
• Impossible
• Insensitive
• Intolerant
• Unimportant
• Unkind

Positive Adjectives

• Caring (Comprensivo)
• Cooperative
• Energetic
• Flexible
• Hard-working
• Imaginative
• Reliable (De fiar)
• Sociable

Verbs and Nouns with Prefixes

• Misbehave
• Mishear
• Misunderstand
• Non-fiction
• Non-smoking
• Non-stop
• Overcharge
• Oversleep
• Overwork
• Undercharge
• Underestimate
• Underpay
• Reapply
• Redo
• Rewrite

Verbs with Prepositions

• Agree with (Estar de acuerdo con)
• Break up (Disolverse)
• Complain about (Quejarse de)
• Help with (Ayudar con)
• Insist on (Insistir en)
• Listen for (Prestar atención)
• Listen to (Escuchar)
• Participate in (Participar en)
• Recover from (Recuperarse de)
• Rely on (Confiar en)
• Resign from (Dimitar de)
• Search for (Buscar)