English Grammar Tenses, Quantifiers, and Comparisons

English Grammar Essentials

1. Present Tenses

Present Simple

• Affirmative (+): Play / Plays
• Negative (-): Don’t / Doesn’t play
• Interrogative (?): Do you...? / Does she...?

Adverbs of Frequency

• Always, Usually, Often, Sometimes, Occasionally, Hardly ever, Never

Frequency Expressions

• Every day, Every year, Once a week, etc.

Stative Verbs (Non-Continuous Verbs)

These verbs are generally not used in continuous tenses:

• To be, Like, Love, Hate, Dislike
• Know, Understand, Believe, Think, Want, Feel
• Have got (for possession)

Present Continuous

• Affirmative (+): Am / Is / Are + -ing (playing)
• Negative (-): Am not / Isn’t / Aren’t + -ing (playing)
• Interrogative (?): Are you...? / Is she...? (Short answers: Yes, I am / No, I’m not)

Present Continuous Time Expressions

• Look!, Listen!, At the moment, Now
• Used for Future Plans: Next summer, Tomorrow

2. Quantifiers: Some, Any, A/An

A/An (Articles)

• Used with singular Countable nouns.
• Used in Affirmative, Negative, and Interrogative sentences.
• Examples: A table, a euro, a university, an apple.

Some

• Used with Countable (C) and Uncountable (U) nouns.
• Used primarily in Affirmative sentences.
• Used in Interrogative sentences for offers or requests.

Any

• Used with Uncountable (U) and Countable (C) nouns.
• Used primarily in Negative and Interrogative sentences.

3. Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns refer to people, things, or places without specifying exactly who, what, or where.

Categories

• -Thing: Cosa (Thing)
• -Body / -One: Persona (Person)
• -Where: Lugar (Place)

Usage with 'Some' (Affirmative, Offers/Requests)

• Someone / Somebody: Alguien (Someone)
• Something: Algo (Something)
• Somewhere: Algún lugar (Somewhere)

Usage with 'Any' (Negative, Interrogative)

• Anyone / Anybody: Nadie (in negative sentences) / Alguien (in questions)
• Anything: Nada (in negative sentences) / Algo (in questions)
• Anywhere: Ningún lugar (in negative sentences) / Algún lugar (in questions)

Usage with 'No' (Negative meaning, Affirmative structure)

• Nobody / No one: Nadie (No one)
• Nothing: Nada (Nothing)
• Nowhere: Ningún lugar (Nowhere)

Usage with 'Every' (All)

• Everyone / Everybody: Todos (Everyone)
• Everything: Todo (Everything)
• Everywhere: Todos los lugares (Everywhere)

4. Past Simple and Present Perfect Comparison

5. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Equality and Inferiority

• Equality (=): As + Adjective + As
• Example: This girl is as intelligent as her brother.

Inferiority (Less than)

• Comparative: Less + Adjective (than)
• Example: Less intelligent (than)
• Superlative: The least + Adjective
• Example: The least intelligent

6. Relative Pronouns

• Who: Used for people.
• Which: Used for objects or animals.
• When: Used for time.
• Where: Used for places.