English Grammar: Tenses, Passive Voice, Conditionals, and More

Verb Tenses

Past Simple

Structure: Subject + Verb (past form or -ed) or 3rd column; Negative: didn't + base form.

Uses: Completed actions in the past (with expressions like last, ago, yesterday, in 1992).

Past Continuous

Structure: was/were + verb-ing.

Uses: Actions in progress in the past; Past Continuous + when + Past Simple or Past Continuous + while + Past Continuous.

Past Perfect

Structure: had + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).

Uses: An action that happened before another action in the past (with expressions like after, before).

Future Simple (Will)

Structure: will + base form.

Uses: Weather, promises, future predictions, spontaneous decisions.

To Be Going To

Structure: is/am/are + going to + base form.

Uses: Future plans.

Present Simple

Uses: Habits and routines (with expressions like every day, once a week, like, love, hate).

Present Continuous

Uses: Actions happening now (with expressions like at the moment, right now, listen!, look!).

Present Perfect

Structure: has/have + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column). When have is an auxiliary verb, its negative is formed with haven't/hasn't. When have is a main verb, its negative is formed with don't have/doesn't have.

Uses: Actions with a connection to the present (with expressions like already, yet, just, ever, since, for).

Future Continuous

Structure: will be + verb-ing.

Uses: Actions that are expected to happen in the future (with expressions like at this time next year).

Future Perfect

Structure: will have + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).

Uses: Actions that we expect to be completed by a certain time in the future (with expressions like by then, by 2033).

Passive Voice

• Present Simple Passive: Object + is/am/are + past participle + (by agent).
• Past Simple Passive: Object + was/were + past participle + (by agent).
• Present Continuous Passive: Object + is/am/are + being + past participle.
• Past Continuous Passive: Object + was/were + being + past participle.
• Present Perfect Passive: Object + have/has + been + past participle.
• Past Perfect Passive: Object + had + been + past participle.
• Future Passive: Object + will/would + be + past participle.
• Modal Passive: Object + modal verb + be + past participle.
• Modal Perfect Passive: Object + modal verb + have + been + past participle.

Causative Passive

Structure: have/get + object + past participle.

Wish Clauses

If the wish clause is in the present, use the past simple. If it is in the past, use the past perfect.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + subject + present simple + complement, subject + will + base form.

Note: If unless is used, the verb in the main clause will be in the negative form (won't). Don't forget the 's' for the third person singular in the present simple.

Uses: Possible or probable situations.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + subject + past simple + complement, subject + would/could + base form.

Uses: Hypothetical or improbable situations.

Third Conditional

Structure: If + subject + had + past participle + complement, subject + would/could + have + past participle.

Uses: Impossible situations in the past.

Relative Pronouns

• who/that: people
• which/that: objects
• when: time
• where: place
• whose: possession

Reported Speech

• Present Simple changes to Past Simple.
• Present Continuous changes to Past Continuous.
• Past Simple changes to Past Perfect Simple.
• Past Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous.
• Present Perfect Simple changes to Past Perfect Simple.
• Present Perfect Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous.
• Past Perfect Simple remains Past Perfect Simple.

Suffixes

• Nouns formed from adjectives: -iness (e.g., weakness), -ity (e.g., curiosity), -ty (e.g., loyalty), -y (e.g., difficulty).
• Adjectives formed from nouns: -ous, -al, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ive, -ful, -less, -able, -y, -ly.
• Adjectives formed from verbs: -able, -ible, -ive, -ate, -ent, -en, -ise, -ify.

Exam Notes

Prepositions

• good at
• pleased with
• tired of

Adjective Examples

• secretive
• traditional
• dangerous

Verb Structures

• Causative
• Relative pronoun: who

Trench Art

1: C, 2: B, 3: A

2.1 True: line 14 "their...themselves"

2.2 True: line 16-17 "these...battlefriends"

3.1 Trenches where soldiers fought in.

3.2 Some pieces made by artists or in workshops to remember them.

4. They made art with wood or other types of material because it could help to recover early.

5.1: protection; labelled, traded, farmer, prove

Letters to the World

1.1 A; 1.2 C; 1.3 C

2.1 False: line 7 "Toby...project"

2.2 False: line 7-8 "where...to"

2.3 False: line 15-16 "ShelterBox...disasters"

2.4: line 17 "Toby...each"

3. Prepare a letter for people who couldn't be found to buy a storm shelter.

4.1 Writing letters.

4.2 Is used to help people.

5. rarely, inspired, purely, ambition