English Grammar Tenses, Conditionals, and Connectors

Passive Voice

Present Simple: sell // are sold

Present Continuous: are selling // are being sold

Past Simple: sold // were sold

Past Continuous: were selling // were being sold

Present Perfect Simple: have sold // have been sold

Present Perfect Continuous: have been sold // have been being sold

Past Perfect Simple: had sold // had been sold

Future Simple: will sell // will be sold

Future Perfect: will have sold // will have been sold

Modals: can sell // can be sold

Modal Perfects: must have sold // must have been sold

Have to: have to sell // have to be sold

Be going to: are going to sell // are going to be sold

Causative Form

Have/get + something + done (v). Conjugate 'have' or 'get' according to the tense. Example: I always have my nails polished for New Year.

Conditionals

Zero Conditional: If + present simple + present simple

First Conditional: If/unless + present simple + future simple

Second Conditional: If + past simple + would + base form

Third Conditional: If + past perfect (had made) + would have + past participle

Wishes

Past: I wish + past perfect (regret)

Present: I wish + past simple

Future: I wish + would + verb

Infinitives and Gerunds

Action that has already happened: -ing. Action that is going to happen: to + infinitive

Tense Markers

Present Simple: -s / don't / doesn't / always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, at 1 o'clock, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often

Present Continuous: am/is/are -ing / now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, these days, this month, this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday

Past Simple: -ed or 2nd column / didn't / yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1890s, in the 18th century, when, then

Past Continuous: was/were -ing / last night, at 4 o'clock

Past Perfect Simple: had -ed / 2nd column / already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just

Present Perfect Simple: have/has -ed / 3rd column / never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, how long, for, since, in recent years

Present Perfect Continuous: have/has been + -ing

Future Simple: will / this evening, in an hour, at 2 o'clock, later, tomorrow, next month, in a few weeks, in the future, on the 1st of May

Be going to: am/is/are going to + infinitive / this evening, later, in an hour, at 4 o'clock, tomorrow, soon, next month, on the 8th of May

Future Perfect Simple: will have -ed / 3rd column / by this time next week, by 3 o'clock, by the end of..., by then, by August, in four months

Future Continuous: will be -ing / at this time tomorrow, at this time next ..., on Thursday, in the next decade

Connectors

Reason:

• Because: xq
• Since: ya q
• As: como
• Because of: debido a
• Due to: debido a

Result:

• Therefore: x lo tanto
• So: asi q
• Thus: de tal forma

Addition:

• And: y
• As well as: asi como, como tmb
• Besides: ademas

Purpose:

• In order to: para
• To: para
• For: para o por

Contrast:

• However: Sin embargo
• But: Pero
• Although: Aunque
• In spite of: a pesar de

Relative Pronouns

who (person), which (thing), when (time), where (place), whose (possession), that (everything/which). Only who, which, and when can be replaced by that. The relative pronoun can be omitted with who or that. Defining (without commas) uses all relatives, and non-defining (between commas) does not use that.

Formal and Informal Structure

which = which (things), who = whom (person)

Example (Formal): This is the building in which I have lived for 3 years.

Example (Informal): This is the building I have lived in for 3 years.

Example (Formal): The man to whom he talked was the manager.

Example (Informal): The man he talked to was the manager.