English Grammar Rules: Passive Voice, Conditionals, Reported Speech & More

Passive Voice

Passive Voice:

• She cleans = is cleaned
• Is cleaning = is being cleaned
• Has cleaned = has been cleaned
• She cleaned = was cleaned
• Was cleaning = was being cleaned
• Had cleaned = had been cleaned
• She will clean = will be cleaned
• Is going to clean = is going to be cleaned
• Has to clean = has to be cleaned

Can be + 3C, Should be +3C, Must have been +3C

Desiderative Sentences

Desiderative Sentences:

1. WISH/ IF ONLY (I wish, he wishes) + finished, didn´t finish
2. WISH /IF ONLY (I wish, he wishes) + had arrived, hadn´t arrived 3C
3. WISH/ IF ONLY (I wish, he wishes) + COULD/WOULD + BASE FORM

Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences:

1st Conditional: IF/UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE (I work, she Works, I don't work, she doesn't work) == FUTURE SIMPLE (I will allow, I won't allow)/IMPERATIVE/MODAL + BASE (can't go)

2nd Conditional (Hypothetical): (WERE for all persons) unlikely to happen, for giving advice: IF/UNLESS + PAST SIMPLE (I finished, I didn't finish, saw) == would/could/might + base form

3rd Conditional (Impossible): It's past and cannot be done: IF + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (I had/hadn't arrived, she had(hadn't) arrived) == would have/could have/might have + 3C

Adjectives and Nouns

Adjectives (ADJ): able, ible, ous, al, ed, ful, ive, ing

Nouns (NOUS): tion, ment, er

Connectors

Connectors: Therefore, nevertheless, as a result, due to, so, since, thus, in spite of, moreover, furthermore, despite, nevertheless.

Writing: For and Against Essays

Writing: For and Against:

1. Present the topic (The question is whether...)
2. On the one hand... On the other hand...
3. In conclusion... (In my opinion)

Opinion Essays

Opinion:

• Present the topic, if yes or no and a brief reason: In my opinion...because.
• First of all. Second: if yes or no, only one.
• In conclusion, I think that...because (without anything new)

Reported Speech

Reported Speech:

1. “He works” - He worked
2. “He worked” - He had worked
3. “He will work” - He would work
4. “He is working” - He was working
5. “He was working” - He had been working
6. “He has worked” - He had worked
7. “He has been working” - He had been working
8. “He had worked” - He had worked
9. “He had been working” - He had been working

Changes in Reported Speech

Changes:

• Now - Then
• Today - That day
• Tonight - That night
• Yesterday - The previous day/ the day before
• Last week - The previous week/ the week before
• A month ago - The previous month/ the month before
• Tomorrow - The following day/ the day after/ the next day
• Next week - The following week/the week after
• Here - There
• This/these - That/those
• Can - Could
• May - Might
• Must/have to - Must/had to
• Will - Would

Imperative Sentences in Reported Speech

Imperative Sentences:

1. “Do the homework” - She told me to do the homework
2. “Don't chew gum in class” - She said me not to chew gum in class

Questions in Reported Speech

Questions:

1. “Do you do your homework?” - She asked me if I did my homework.
2. “Will you go to Ana's party tomorrow?” - She asked me if I would go to Ana's party the next day.
3. “Are your brothers going to fly to NY?” - She asked me if my brothers were going to fly to NY that day.
4. “What's your name?” - He asked what your name was.
5. “Did you buy a car yesterday?” - He asked if I had bought a car the day before.
6. “What were you doing yesterday at 3?” - He asked what I had been doing the previous day at 3.
7. “When does Sam go to the swimming?” - He asked me when Sam went to swimming.
8. “Why are they playing football now?” - He asked why they were playing football then.

Suggested Actions in Reported Speech

Suggested:

1. “Let's go to the cinema tomorrow” she said. - She suggested going to the cinema the next day.
2. “Go to the cinema tomorrow?” she suggested - She suggested that we go to the cinema the next day.