English Grammar: Relative Pronouns and Conditional Sentences
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Relative Pronouns
1. WHO (que, quien, quienes)
Used to refer to people.
Example: The boy, who you met yesterday, is my brother.
2. WHICH (que, el que, la que...)
Used to refer to animals, things, or objects.
Example: The car, which you bought yesterday, is really nice.
3. THAT (que, el que, la que...)
Used to refer to people, animals, and things. There is a rule in English that says that "that" cannot be used after a comma. Therefore, we cannot use this relative in non-defining sentences, which are those sentences in which the relative clause goes between commas.
4. WHAT (lo que)
We use "what" with this meaning when it is a relative pronoun, and not an interrogative one.
Example: What you say is false! ///// I don't understand what you say.
5. WHERE (donde)
Indicates place.
Example: This is the house where I live.
6. WHEN (cuando)
Indicates time.
Example: Yesterday, when you called me, was special for me.
7. WHOSE (cuyo, a, os, as)
Indicates possession.
Example: Maria, whose father is a doctor, is my cousin.
8. WHY (el porque)
To argue a reason why something is done.
Example: I don't understand why she got angry yesterday.
Conditional Sentences
Type 1 Conditional
In a type 1 conditional sentence, the verb of the "if" clause is in the simple present, while the verb of the main clause is in the simple future.
| "If" Clause (Condition) | Main Clause (Result) |
|---|---|
| If + simple present | Simple future |
| If this thing happens | That thing will happen. |
Type 2 Conditional
In a type 2 conditional sentence, the verb tense of the "if" clause is the simple past, and the verb tense of the main clause can be the present conditional or the present continuous conditional.
| "If" Clause (Condition) | Main Clause (Result) |
|---|---|
| If + simple past | Present conditional or present continuous conditional |
| If this thing happened | That thing would happen. |
Type 3 Conditional
In a type 3 conditional sentence, the verb tense of the "if" clause is the past perfect, and the verb tense of the main clause can be the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.
| "If" Clause (Condition) | Main Clause (Result) |
|---|---|
| If + past perfect | Perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional |
| If this thing had happened | That thing would have happened. |
Present Perfect
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Negative Interrogative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | Subject + to have + past participle | Subject + to have + not + past participle | to have + Subject + past participle | to have + not + Subject + past participle |
| Example | She has visited. | She has not (hasn't) visited. | Has she visited? | Hasn't she visited? |