English Grammar: Passives, Causatives, and Conditionals
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Passives
Present | ||
Active | Passive | |
Simple | She drives | The car is driven |
Progressive | She is driving | The car is being driven |
Perfect | She has driven | The car has been driven |
Perfect progressive | She has been driving | The car has been being driven |
Past | ||
Active | Passive | |
Simple | She drove | The car was driven |
Progressive | She was driving | The car was being driven |
Perfect | She had driven | The car had been driven |
Perfect progressive | She had been driving | The car had been being driven |
Future | ||
Active | Passive | |
Simple | She will drive | The car will be driven |
Progressive | She will be driving | The car will be being driven |
Perfect | She will have driven | The car will have been driven |
Perfect progressive | She will have been driving | The car will have been being driven |
Causatives
We make causatives with subject + get/have/ + object + past participle
Jean got/ had her hair cut at the beauty parlour downstairs
Conditionals
Zero Conditional: General Truths and general habits
If + present simple, present simple (e.g., if you add two and two, you get four)
First Conditional: Possible or likely things in the future
If + present simple, will + infinitive (e.g., If it rains later, we’ll stay at home)
Second Conditional: Impossible things in the present/ unlikely things in the future
If + past simple, would + infinitive (e.g., If I won the lottery, I would sail round the world)
Third Conditional: Things that didn’t happen in the past and their imaginary results
If + past perfect, would + have + past participle (e.g., If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam)