English Grammar: Passive Voice, Conditionals, and Reported Speech

Active and Passive Voice

Present Simple

• Active: The doctor examines the patient
• Passive: The patient is examined by the doctor

Present Continuous

• Active: The doctor is examining the patient
• Passive: The patient is being examined by the doctor

Past Simple

• Active: The doctor examined the patient
• Passive: The patient was examined by the doctor

Past Continuous

• Active: X was examining Y
• Passive: Y was being examined by X

Present Perfect Simple

• Active: X has examined Y
• Passive: Y has been examined by X

Past Perfect Simple

• Active: X had examined Y
• Passive: Y had been examined by X

Future Simple

• Active: X will examine Y
• Passive: Y will be examined by X

Modals

Simple

• Active: X should examine Y
• Passive: Y should be examined by X

Perfect

• Active: X should have examined Y
• Passive: Y should have been examined by X

Have to

• Active: X has to examine Y
• Passive: Y has to be examined by X

Be going to

• Active: X is going to examine Y
• Passive: Y is going to be examined by X

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + Present Simple, Present Simple

(If I drink coffee, I don't sleep)

First Conditional

If + Present Simple, Will

(If I study, I will pass)

Second Conditional

If + Past Simple, Would + Infinitive

(If I drank coffee, I wouldn't sleep)

Third Conditional

If + Past Perfect, Would Have + Past Participle

(If I had drunk coffee, I wouldn't have slept)

Reported Speech

Present Simple

• Direct: "He is American," she said.
• Reported: She said he was American.

Present Continuous

• Direct: "I'm making dinner," he said.
• Reported: He told me that he was making dinner.

Past Simple

• Direct: "We went to the movies," he said.
• Reported: He told me they had gone to the movies.

Past Continuous

• Direct: "I was working late," he said.
• Reported: He told me he had been working late.

Present Perfect Simple

• Direct: "I have eaten," he said.
• Reported: He told me that he had eaten.

Present Perfect Continuous

• Direct: "I have been studying English," he said.
• Reported: He said he had been studying English.

Past Perfect Simple

• Direct: "I had been to Chicago," he said.
• Reported: He said he had been to Chicago.

Past Perfect Continuous

• Direct: "I had been dancing," she said.
• Reported: She said she had been dancing.

Changes in Reported Speech

• Will → Would
• Can → Could
• Must → Had to
• Shall → Should
• May → Might

Time and Place Adverbials in Reported Speech

• today → that day
• tonight → that night
• this → that
• tomorrow → the next day
• yesterday → the day before
• last... → the...before
• next... → the following...
• now → then
• here → there

Modal Verbs

• Can (ability)
• Could (past ability/possibility)
• May/Might (possibility)
• Be able to (ability)
• Must (obligation)
• Have to (obligation)
• Need to (necessity)
• Should/Ought to (advice)