English Grammar Mastery and Essential Vocabulary

English Conditional Sentences

0) Zero Conditional: If + Present Simple, + Present Simple (If you heat water at 100, it boils)

1) First Conditional: If + Present Simple, + will + Infinitive (If it rains tomorrow, we won't go to the beach)

2) Second Conditional: If + Past Simple, + would + Infinitive (If I won the lottery, I’d buy an island)

3) Third Conditional: If + Past Perfect, + would have + Past Participle (If you had studied, you would have passed)

m) Mixed Conditional: If + Past Perfect, + would + Infinitive (If you hadn’t drunk that much, you wouldn’t have a hangover now)

Reported Speech and Reporting Verbs

• Announce, believe, complain, declare, insist, state + that
• Persuade, remind, inform, warn + someone + that
• Agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten + to-infinitive
• Advise, beg, encourage, invite, order, permit, tell + someone + to-infinitive
• Accuse someone of, admit, apologise for, congratulate someone on, deny, suggest + -ing

Impersonal Passive Structures

Some people say/think that Shakespeare didn’t write “Hamlet”.

Shakespeare is thought not to have written “Hamlet”.

“Hamlet” is said not to have been written by Shakespeare.

Modals of Deduction and Speculation

• May/might/could + infinitive: Present or future that may be possible.
• Must + infinitive: Present deduction (almost certain).
• Can’t + infinitive: Present deduction (impossible).
• May/might/could + perfect infinitive (have been): Past deduction that may be possible.
• Must + perfect infinitive (have known): Past deduction (certain).
• Must + perfect continuous infinitive (have been wondering): Past continuous deduction (almost certain).
• Can’t + perfect continuous infinitive (have been expecting): Past deduction (impossible).

Expressing Wishes and Regrets

• I wish I was still a graffiti artist (Wish for the present).
• If only I had never got involved in it (Wish/Regret about the past).
• I wish they would leave me alone (Wish for a change, perhaps not possible).
• I regret playing that game now (Regret about the past).
• I shouldn’t have done it (Regret about the past).
• I wished I had never set eyes on them (Past perfect for earlier past).

Linking Words and Connectors

• Reason: as, because, since, because of, on account of, due to
• Purpose: in order to, in order that, so as to, so that, in case
• Result: consequently, as a result, so, thus, therefore
• Contrast: however, nevertheless, while, although, nonetheless
• Cause: so + adjective/adverb + that

Essential Vocabulary Topics

8) Food and Nutrition

fizzy, nutritious, recipe, tasty, tip, balanced diet, fatty foods, skip meals

9) Fashion and Trends

appeal, brand name, demand, designer label, exclusive, fashion victim, influence, must-have, out of fashion, sophisticated, status symbol, stereotype, trend

10) Crime and Justice

be arrested, caught, charged, fined, found guilty, innocent, imprisoned, let off, set free, court, evidence, fake, fraud, gang, guilty, hack into, illegal, innocent, judge, jury, prison, punishment, witness, shoplifting, playing truant, painting graffiti, break the law, commit a crime, go to court, prison, pay a fine