English Grammar Guide: Modals, Passive Voice, and Reported Speech
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OBLIGATION
Must ++ deber : eterno, leyes
Have to: obligacion dia a dia : no hay obligacion
Must (deber) y Can't (poder): cuando algo esta prohibido
Should (deberia): sugerencia
POSIBILIDAD
Could: (podria) cuando algo es posible
May: (puede) cuando algo es posible
Can't/Cannot: cuando es imposible
CERTEZA
Will/Won't: algo que es seguro que va a pasar
Should: (ocurrira) retonadamente cierto
Pasado Perfecto: (modals)
- modals + has/have + tercera columna
PASSIVE
| Active | Passive | |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | build(s) | is/are built (3) |
| present continuous | is/are building | is/are being built (3) |
| be going to | is/are going to build | is/are going to be built |
| present perfect simple | has/have built (3) | has/have been built (3) |
| past simple | built | was/were built (3) |
| past continuous | was/were building | was/were being built (3) |
| past perfect simple | had built (3) | had been built (3) |
| future simple | will build | will be built (3) |
| future continuous | will be building | will be being built |
| future perfect simple | will have built (3) | will have been built (3) |
| modals | should build | should be built |
DIRECT & REPORTED SPEECH
+ present simple: + past simple:
"I go swimming every day" Jane said that she went (3) swimming every day
said Jane
+ present continuous: + past continuous:
"They are planning their trip" Anna said that they were planning their trip
Anna said
+ past simple: + past perfect simple:
"I went to a festival in August" Bea said that she had been to a festival in August
said Bea
+ present perfect simple: + past perfect simple
"I've been to lots of festivals" Tom said that he had been to lots of festivals
said Tom
+ will: + would:
"I'll help her throw away the rubbish" Joe announced that he would help her throw away the rubbish
announced Joe
+ can: + could:
"I can play the guitar" declared Katie declared that she could play the guitar
Katie
+ may: + might:
"I may be home late" Dan warned that he might be home late
warned Dan
+ must/have to: + had to:
"I must recycle more", said Ruth Ruth said that she had to recycle more
Direct to Reported Speech: Time Expressions
- now: then
- today: that day
- yesterday: the previous day
- the day before yesterday: two days before
- tomorrow: the next day
- the day after tomorrow: two days later
- next week: the following week
- last month: the previous month
- ten years ago: ten years before