English Grammar Guide: Was/Were Going To, Hope/Wish, Adjectives, and Relative Clauses
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Was/Were Going To
Affirmative Sentences
To form the affirmative, use the correct form of 'to be' followed by 'going to' and a verb.
Subject + was/were + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.
Example: They were going to dance at a party.
Negative Sentences
To form the negative, negate the verb 'to be'.
Subject + wasn't/weren't + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.
Example: They weren't going to dance at a party.
Interrogative Sentences
To form a question, invert the verb 'to be' and the subject.
Was/were + subject + going to + verb + rest of the sentence?
Example: Were they going to dance at a party?
Hope and Wish
The word 'wish' is often used to talk about unreal situations.
Example: I wish I had more money. (I don't have much money)
'Hope' is used in a couple of verb patterns and means "to expect", similar to 'wait' and 'expect'.
Hope + To + Infinitive
Use 'hope to' + infinitive to talk about something you expect to happen in the future.
Example: I hope to go to Las Vegas this summer.
Adjectives Ending in -ed/-ing
-ed adjectives describe how someone feels.
Examples:
- John is interested in art. (John is interested in art.)
- Denise was bored in class. (Denise was bored in class.)
- Luke is excited about his new job. (Luke is excited about his new job.)
-ing adjectives describe the characteristics of something.
Examples:
- John is an interesting person. (John is an interesting person.)
- The class was boring so Denise fell asleep. (The class was boring so Denise fell asleep.)
- Luke started an exciting new job. (Luke just started an exciting new job.)
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses start with relative pronouns (who*, that, which, whose, where, when) and define or identify the noun before them.
Examples:
- Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
- Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
- A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
- I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
- I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
- Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
*The relative pronoun 'whom' can be used as the object of the relative clause but is considered old-fashioned in spoken English.