English Grammar & Finance Vocabulary Reference Tables
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English Grammar Essentials
Active and Passive Voice Tenses
| Tense | ACTIVE Voice (Example) | PASSIVE Voice (Example) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | We bake bread here. | The bread is baked here. |
| Present Continuous | We are baking bread. | The bread is being baked. |
| Present Perfect | We have baked bread. | The bread has been baked. |
| Past Simple | We baked bread yesterday. | The bread was baked. |
| Past Continuous | We were baking bread. | The bread was being baked. |
| Past Perfect | We had baked bread. | The bread had been baked. |
| Future Simple (Will) | We will bake bread. | The bread will be baked. |
| Future (Going To) | We are going to bake bread. | The bread is going to be baked. |
| Modal Verb | We should bake bread. | The bread should be baked. |
Time Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions
| Conjunction | Example Sentence |
|---|---|
| WHEN | Let's cross the bridge when we come to it. |
| While | We’ll keep on driving while there’s still daylight. |
| As soon as | The baby can cry as soon as he is born. |
| After | After I had finished my homework, I went to bed. |
| Before | Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. |
| Until | We played cards to kill time until the bus came. |
| Whenever | Always lock your car whenever you leave it. |
| Once | Making an omelet is easy once you've got the knack. |
| As | Dad looked sad and worried as he read the letter. |
| Since | Susan has changed a lot since I last saw her. |
| By the time | By the time she was 8, she could read Greek and Latin. |
| Every time | Every time I ask him about it, I get a different answer. |
Vocabulary and Idioms
Financial and Business Terms (English to Basque/Spanish)
| ENGLISH Term | BASQUE / SPANISH Translation |
|---|---|
| To afford | ordaindu ahal (To be able to pay) |
| To owe | zor |
| To lend | Utzi / prestar (Spanish: To lend) |
| Account | Kontua |
| Fee | tasa |
| To trade | salerosi |
| To make a profit | Irabaziak lortu |
| Savings | aurrezki |
| Currency | txanpona (errialde batena) |
| To borrow | maileguan hartu |
| To balance a budget | aurrekontua (Budget/Forecast) |
| To invest | inbertitu |
| In charge of | a cargo de (Spanish: Responsible for) |
| By far | por mucho (Spanish: By a large margin) |
| To plummet | porrot egin / lur jo (To fail / hit the ground) |
| Retailer | salerosle |
| To skyrocket | izugarri altxatu / igo (To raise/climb tremendously) |
| Department store | saltoki handiak (Large stores) |
| Payment | ordainketa |
| To charge | cobrar (Spanish: To charge/collect) |
| Reward | sariketa, ordaintze |
Phrasal Verbs and Idioms Related to Money
| ENGLISH Idiom / Phrase | Meaning / Translation |
|---|---|
| To keep track of | estar al tanto de algo (Spanish: To be aware of something) |
| Computer whizz | Informatikan trebea (Skilled in computing) |
| Hard-earned money | Irabaztea kostatu zaizun dirua (Money that cost you to earn) |
| To go broke | arruinatu (To be ruined/bankrupt) |
| To save up for | Aurreztu (To save) |
| To cut down on | Murriztu (To reduce) |
| On the house | Jatetxeak gonbidatzen zaituenean (When the restaurant invites you) |
| To splash out on | dirua gastatu (To spend money lavishly) |
| To live beyond your means | zure aukeren gainetik bizi (To live above your possibilities) |
| To cost an arm and a leg | diru asko balio duena (Something that costs a lot of money) |
| To live hand to mouth | diru gutxirekin bizi (To live with little money) |
| To chip in | “botea” jarri, dirua jarri (To put in the 'pot', to contribute money) |
| To shop around | begiratu egokiena erosi baino lehen (To look before buying the most suitable one) |
| To make ends meet | Hilabete bukaerara iristea (Reaching the end of the month) |