English Grammar: Conditionals, Gerunds, Infinitives, and Modals

UNIT 7 (VOCABULARY):

- Board games, camping, chess, cycling, dance, drawing, music, photography, singing

ZERO CONDITIONALS: To talk about facts (when = if)

1- IF + present simple + present simple

Example: When you paint, you need paints and paper.

2- Use a comma if IF or WHEN is at the beginning.

Example: If Dad plays chess, he usually wins.

FIRST CONDITIONALS: will/can/may/might/could

1- IF + present simple + will + infinitive

2- When IF is not at the beginning, no comma is needed.

Example: If you take music lessons, you will learn to read music.

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:

Verbs followed by -ING (avoid, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, first, practise)

Example: She likes going to the cinema. I like playing hockey.

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE:

(agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, invite, need, promise, remember, want)

Example: She agreed to pick me up. I remember to eat the cake. She doesn't like to risk opportunities.

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE OR VERB + -ING (with no change in meaning)

(begin, continue, hate, love, start)

Example: They hate making up early. They hate to wake up early.

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE OR VERB + -ING (with a different meaning)

1- Stop + to + infinitive = Stop one thing in order to do another. Example: She stopped talking to get on the bus and started walking.

2- Stop + -ing form = Do not do something anymore. Example: She stopped to say hello to her boyfriend.

UNIT 8 (VOCABULARY)

- Arm, back, ear, eye, face, finger, foot, hand, leg, neck, nose, stomach, broke, doctor, feel, head, headache, hospital, medicine

MODAL VERBS:

- Have to/Must + infinitive: To say that something is necessary.

Must: Something that is prohibited.

Don't have to/Needn't: It is not necessary, but you can do it if you want.

Can: Can + infinitive. To talk about general ability.

- Rafael can already read, and he is only four.

For questions: Can I leave class early today?

Could: Could + infinitive. General abilities in the past.

- Tomas could ride a bike when he was six.

For formal questions: Could you lend me your dictionary, please?

For permission: Could I leave the class early today?

- Yes, you may/can. - No, you could not.

May: May + infinitive. For requests.

- May I come in?

To ask for permission: May I leave the class early today?

- Yes, you may.

Do not use May + you.