English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Reported Speech, Verbs & More

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Stative Verbs

Believe, know, understand, remember, forget, think

Reported Speech

Modal Verbs

Must – had to

Time Expressions

• Now – at the moment
• Today – that day
• Tonight – that night
• This (morning, week) – that (morning, week)
• Yesterday – the day before
• Last (week, month, year) – the (week, month, year) before
• (Two days/ a year) ago – (two days/ a year) earlier
• Tomorrow – the next/following day
• Next (week) – the following (week)

Place

• This – that
• These – those
• Here – there

Questions

• Direct Speech: Where are you going?
• Reported Speech: Mum asked where I was going.
• Direct Speech: Are you famous?, he asked her.
• Reported Speech: He asked her if she was famous.
• Direct Speech: Do you like horror films?, she asked.
• Reported Speech: She asked if I liked horror films.

Commands

Form

• Affirmative commands → to + infinitive
• Negative commands → not + to + infinitive

Examples

• Affirmative Commands
  • Direct Speech: Dad: “Do your homework.”
  • Reported Speech: Dad told me to do my homework.
• Negative Commands
  • Direct Speech: Teacher: “Don't talk to your friend.”
  • Reported Speech: The teacher told me not to talk to my friend.

Say & Told

Say (+ that) + reported speech & Tell + indirect object + that + reported speech and Tell + object + to + infinitive.

Reporting Verbs

• Verb + object + to + infinitive: reminded, warned (advertir), invited, ordered, advised (aconsellar), permitted
• Verb + to + infinitive: promised, refused, agreed (consentir), offered, decided, proposed
• Verb + -ing: admitted, suggested, denied (negar)
• Verb + preposition + -ing: apologised for (demanar disculpes), insisted on, complained about (queixar-se), warned about (advertir)
• Verb + object + preposition + -ing: suspected, accused sb of, advised sb against, congratulated sb on
• Verb + that + subject + verb reported: explained, said, complained (queixar-se), insisted, demanded
• Verb + object + that + subject + verb reported: persuaded, reminded, warned, informed

Connectors

Contrast

• Tot i que (Although, even though) + subject + verb (Despite, in spite of) + noun or -ing
• No obstant: S1... (Nevertheless/however)...S2 Mentre que

Purpose

• Per tal de: (To, so as to, in order to) + infinitive (So that) + subject + verb

Addition

També (too, as well). A més a més (.Besides, .Moreover, .Furthermore, .In addition, .Also)

Result

• A causa de: (Because of, due to) + noun (For this reason, that's why) + subject + verb
• Per tal de: (So as to) + infinitive
• Perquè: (Since, because) + subject + noun

Question Tag

Example: You're Spanish, aren't you?