English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Conditionals, Passive Voice, and More

Conditionals

0 Conditional

if + Present Simple + Present Simple

Situations that are always true or happen repeatedly.

1st Conditional

if + Present Simple + will (verb)

Describes what happens if a condition is met.

2nd Conditional

if + Past Simple + would (verb)

Imaginary future situations, hypothetical cases, unlikely events.

3rd Conditional

If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle

Impossible conditions as they refer to the past.

The Passive Voice

Present Simple: The waiter serves the customers (A) --> The customers are served by the waiter (P)

Present Continuous: ...is serving... --> ...are being served...

Past Simple: ...served... --> ...were served...

Past Continuous: ...was serving... --> ...were being served...

Present Perfect Simple: ...has served... --> ...have been served...

Past Perfect Simple: ...had served... --> ...had been served...

Future Simple: ...will serve... --> ...will be served...

Future Perfect Simple: ...will have served... --> ...will have been served...

Modals: ...must serve... --> ...must be served...

Modals Perfect: ...must have served... --> ...must have been served...

Have to: ...has to serve... --> ...have to be served...

Be going to: ...is going to serve... --> ...are going to be served...

Vocabulary Unit 5

• Break up - to end a relationship
• Childhood - the period of time when someone is a child
• Close friend - a very good friend
• Couple - two people who are married or in a romantic relationship
• Damage - to harm or spoil something
• Criticize - to express disapproval of someone or something
• Date - to go out with someone romantically
• Crown - a circular ornament for the head, especially one worn by a king or queen
• Divorced - no longer married
• Flirt - to behave as though romantically attracted to someone, typically in a playful or superficial way
• Engaged - having formally agreed to marry
• Let out - to allow someone or something to leave a place
• Envy - a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck
• Mention - to refer to something or someone briefly and without going into detail
• Fall in love - to develop a strong feeling of romantic love for someone
• Fiancé(e) - a person who is engaged to be married
• Flow - to move steadily and continuously in a current or stream
• Get along - to have a harmonious or friendly relationship
• Get over - to recover from an illness, disappointment, or other emotionally disturbing experience
• Get to know - to become acquainted with someone or something
• Grown apart - to gradually become less close to someone
• Have a lot in common - to share similar interests, beliefs, or experiences
• Ignore - to refuse to take notice of or acknowledge
• Length - the measurement or extent of something from end to end
• Live through - to experience a difficult or dangerous situation and survive
• Move on - to continue moving or progressing
• Possession - the state of having, owning, or controlling something
• Relative - a person connected by blood or marriage
• Shine - to give out a bright light
• Single - unmarried
• Stand still - to remain motionless
• Take someone for granted - to fail to appreciate someone
• Tear - a drop of liquid that comes from the eye when someone is crying
• Treat - to behave towards or deal with someone or something in a certain way
• Value - the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
• Worn - damaged or weakened by use or time

Vocabulary Unit 6

• Afford - to have enough money to pay for something
• Be short of - to not have enough of something
• Borrow - to take and use something belonging to someone else with the intention of returning it
• Budget - an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time
• Cash - money in the form of notes and coins
• Charge - to demand (an amount) as a price for a service rendered or goods supplied
• Discount - a deduction from the usual cost of something
• Expenses - the cost required for something; the money spent on something
• Fee - a payment made to a professional person or body in exchange for advice or services
• Go broke - to spend all one's money
• Lend - to grant to someone the use of something on the understanding that it will be returned
• Make the best of something - to accept a bad situation and deal with it in the best way possible
• Note - a brief record of facts, topics, or thoughts, especially one written down as an aid to memory
• Odd jobs - small jobs of various types
• Owe - to have an obligation to pay or repay (something, especially money) in return for something received
• Pay someone back - to return money owed to someone
• Pocket money - an allowance
• Profit - a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
• Purchase - to buy something
• Rent - a regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
• Request - an act of asking politely or formally for something
• Salary - a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly or biweekly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee
• Saving account - a bank account that earns interest
• Show someone around - to guide someone around a place
• Split the cost - to divide the cost of something equally
• Stuff - miscellaneous items
• Suit - a set of outer clothes made of the same fabric and designed to be worn together, typically consisting of a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt
• Brand - a type of product manufactured by a particular company under a particular name

Causative Verbs

Subject + have/get + object + past participle

Indicates that someone else performs the action.

Examples:

• Brian will get/have his bike fixed tomorrow.
• I'm having/getting my wisdom tooth removed on Friday.
• The optician checked my sight last month. --> I had my sight checked last month.

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds (-ing)

• Used after certain verbs: avoid, consider, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, miss, recommend, suggest
• Used after prepositions: at, on, in

Infinitives (to + base form of verb)

• Used after certain verbs: afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish
• Used after adjectives and adverbs