English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Modal Verbs

Verb Tenses

Simple Present

Use: habits, routines, general truths.

Frequency adverbs: always, usually, often, once/twice, every, sometimes, occasionally, generally, each, normally.

Positive: subject + base verb (e.g., I study business administration)

Negative: subject + don't/doesn't + base verb (e.g., I don't study business administration)

Questions: Do/Does + subject + base verb? (e.g., Do you study business administration?)

Present Continuous

Use: actions happening now, temporary situations.

Time expressions: now, at the moment, this week, this summer, this month.

Positive: subject + is/am/are + verb -ing (e.g., I am watching TV)

Negative: subject + isn't/am not/aren't + verb -ing (e.g., I am not watching TV)

Questions: Are/Is/Am + subject + verb -ing? (e.g., What are you watching?)

Present Perfect

Use: actions completed in the past with a connection to the present, unfinished time periods.

Time expressions: up to now, yet, already, still, so far, until now, in the last, during the last, for the last, lately, since, recently.

Positive: subject + have/has + past participle (e.g., I have visited Rome already)

Negative: subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle (e.g., I haven't visited Rome)

Questions: Have/Has + subject + past participle? (e.g., Have you ever visited Rome?)

Past Simple

Use: completed actions in the past.

Time expressions: last week/Monday/year, two minutes/years ago, in January/February, in 1990, etc.

Positive: subject + past tense verb (e.g., I studied math last week)

Negative: subject + didn't + base verb (e.g., I didn't study math last week)

Questions: Did + subject + base verb? (e.g., What did you study last week?)

Vocabulary

• Refund: devolución de dinero
• Receipt: boleto
• Return: devolver el producto
• Repaired: reparar
• Exchange: intercambiar
• Warehouse: bodega
• Storage: Almacenamiento
• Sales: liquidación
• Dispatch: despacho
• Delivery: entrega
• Bargain: negociar
• An offer: una oferta
• Discount: descuento
• Purchased: comprar
• Credit card: tarjeta crédito
• Guarantee: garantía
• Cooling-off period
• Method of payment
• Interest-free service
• Out of stock