English for Commerce: Vocabulary, Passive Voice, and Irregular Verbs
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Essential English Vocabulary for Business and Shopping
Marketing and Strategy Terminology
- ADVERTISING AGENCY: agencia publicitaria
- MAKE: marca
- ATTRACT: atraer
- PRICE RANGE: gama de precios
- AWARENESS: conocimiento
- PRODUCT: producto
- BUDGET: presupuesto
- PURCHASE: comprar, adquirir
- CONVEY A MESSAGE: transmitir mensaje
- SHOP DISPLAY: escaparate
- FLYER: folleto
- STRATEGY: estrategia
- FREE SAMPLE: muestra gratuita
- TEMPT: tentar
- GOODS: artículos, productos
- INCREASE: aumentar
Shopping and Transaction Vocabulary
- BARGAIN: ganga, oferta (muy buena)
- IN CASH: dinero en efectivo
- CASHIER: cajero (máquina de cobro)
- CHARGE: cobrar
- BY CREDIT CARD: tarjeta de crédito
- DISCOUNT: descuento
- EXCHANGE: cambiar
- GUARANTEE: garantía
- MAKE UP ONE’S MIND: decidirse
- ON SALE: a la venta o rebajado
- PRICE TAG: etiqueta del precio
- RECEIPT: ticket de compra
- REDUCE: rebajar, reducir
- REFUND: devolver, reembolsar
- SAVE UP: ahorrar
- SPECIAL OFFER: oferta especial
- TRIAL PERIOD: periodo de prueba
Key English Grammar Structures
The Passive Voice (La Pasiva)
The Passive Voice is used when we want to give more importance to the object receiving the action, or when the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is obvious or unknown.
Structure of the Passive Voice
SUBJECT + TO BE (am, is, are, was, were) + PAST PARTICIPLE (-ed or 3rd column)
The Causative Structure (Have Something Done)
The Causative structure is used when we arrange for something to be done for us by someone else (usually a professional service).
Structure of the Causative
SUBJECT + VERB TO HAVE + SOMETHING + VERB (Past Participle)
Example:
I have my hair cut every month
Comprehensive List of English Irregular Verbs
This table lists the Infinitive, Past Simple, Past Participle, and Spanish meaning for common irregular verbs.
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle | Spanish Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been | ser, estar |
| beat | beat | beaten | golpear, batir |
| become | became | become | convertirse, llegar a ser |
| begin | began | begun | empezar |
| bite | bit | bitten | morder |
| break | broke | broken | romper |
| bring | brought | brought | traer |
| buy | bought | bought | comprar |
| catch | caught | caught | coger |
| choose | chose | chosen | elegir |
| come | came | come | venir |
| cut | cut | cut | cortar |
| do | did | done | hacer |
| draw | drew | drawn | dibujar |
| drink | drank | drunk | beber |
| drive | drove | driven | conducir |
| eat | ate | eaten | comer |
| fall | fell | fallen | caer |
| feel | felt | felt | sentir |
| find | found | found | encontrar |
| fly | flew | flown | volar |
| get | got | got (US: gotten) | obtener |
| give | gave | given | dar |
| go | went | gone | ir |
| have | had | had | tener, haber |
| hear | heard | heard | oír |
| know | knew | known | saber |
| learn | learnt / learned | learnt / learned | aprender |
| leave | left | left | salir, dejar |
| lose | lost | lost | perder |
| make | made | made | hacer |
| meet | met | met | encontrarse |
| pay | paid | paid | pagar |
| put | put | put | poner |
| read | read | read | leer |
| ride | rode | ridden | montar |
| ring | rang | rung | sonar |
| run | ran | run | correr |
| say | said | said | decir |
| see | saw | seen | ver |
| sell | sold | sold | vender |
| send | sent | sent | enviar |
| sing | sang | sung | cantar |
| sit | sat | sat | sentarse |
| sleep | slept | slept | dormir |
| speak | spoke | spoken | hablar |
| spell | spelt / spelled | spelt / spelled | deletrear |
| spend | spent | spent | gastar |
| swim | swam | swum | nadar |
| take | took | taken | coger |
| teach | taught | taught | enseñar |
| tell | told | told | decir |
| think | thought | thought | pensar |
| understand | understood | understood | entender, comprender |
| wear | wore | worn | llevar puesto, calzar |
| win | won | won | ganar |
| write | wrote | written | escribir |