Empirical study on primary health care service for effective health care development in kaduna nigeria.

4. Main goals of health development over the world. European regional strategy. Health 21: major targets
Health development over the world:
  In 1977, the World Health Assembly decided that the major social goal of governments and WHO should be the attainment by all people
Of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that would allow them to lead a socially and economically productive life
  In 1981, the Assembly unanimously adopted the Global Strategy for ‘Health for All’ by the Year 2000. This was the birth of the “Health
For All” movement
  “Health for All” does not mean an end to disease and disability, or that doctors and nurses will care for everyone. It means that
resources for health are evenly distributed and that essential healthcare is accessible to everyone
  It also means that health begins at home, in schools, as well as the workplace, and that people use better approaches to shape their
Own lives and those of their families
  In 1994, WHO's member states acknowledged that significant global changes had occurred since that time, and called for a strategy
Renewal to meet challenges, expand opportunities, and overcome obstacles of the 21st century with 21 ‘targets’
The 2 Main Aims:
  Promote and protect people’s health throughout their lives
  Reduce the incidence of the main diseases and injuries and alleviate the suffering they cause
Proposals within Agenda 21 focus on:
  Meeting primary health care needs
  Controlling communicable diseases
  Coping with urban health problems
  Reducing health risks from environmental pollution
  Protecting vulnerable groups
  Note:
o A new public health agenda is emerging, addressing the links between environmental quality and health, tackled within the context of both national sustainable development strategy and the `Health of the Nation' Programme
Action on health can be divided into three broad areas:
  Enabling people to develop and maintain their health on a day-to-day basis through individual and community action
  Preventing people from becoming ill by regulating hazards and providing information on risks
  Treating people when they are ill or injured including support to manage their illness
The Government White Paper, `Saving Lives - Our Healthier Nation' (1999) identified 4 key illness areas for reduction programmes to focus
On:
  Heart and circulatory disease
  Cancer
  Mental illness
  Accidents
THE 21 TARGETS:
1. Solidarity and Equity in Health = "closing the health gap between countries"
 Poverty is a major cause of ill health and lack of social cohesion
 Gap between the western and eastern parts of the Region
Equity in Health = "closing the health gap within countries"
Healthy Start in Life = "policies should... Create a supportive family, with wanted children and good parenthood capacity", e.G.:
  Genetic and dietary counseling
  Smoke-free pregnancy
  Evidence-based prenatal care
  Health-promoting child care
Health of Young People:
  Accidents
  Drug use
  Unwanted pregnancies
  Sexually transmitted diseases
  Help children and young people – the best possible education and employment
Healthy Aging:
  Promotion and protection of health throughout life
  Social, educational and occupational opportunities
  Physical activities
Improving Mental Health:
  Especially by reducing suicide
  Early detection of depression
  Departments of acute psychiatry in general hospitals
  Promotion and protection of mental health throughout life in socially and economically disadvantaged groups
  Conditions of work, unemployment
Reducing Communicable Diseases:
  Basic hygiene, water quality, food safety
  Sustainable immunization programs: poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, hepatitis
  Tuberculosis, malaria, HIV / AIDS
Reducing Non-communicable Diseases:
 The greatest health problems: Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive lung disease
9. Reducing injury Violence and Accidents:
  Improved emergency services
  Preventive measures
  Accidents on the roads, at work, in the home
  Domestic violence, alcohol
10. Healthy and Safe Physical Environment:
  Promote health by reducing pollution
  The cost of cleaning up health damaging pollution is high
11. Healthier Living = "healthier behaviour in such fields as nutrition, physical activity and sexuality" and "increase in the availability,
Affordability and accessibility of safe and healthy food"
Reducing Harm from Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco:
  Tobacco - the biggest harm to health in the European Region
  Smoke-free public places
  Increased prices of tobacco products
  Services for drug users
Settings for Health = people should have greater opportunities to live in healthy physical and social environments at home, at school, at the workplace and in the local community
  Smoke-free and safe environment
  Programmes for separate waste collection, recovery and recycling
Multisectorial Responsibility for Health:
  Legislation to all sectors of society
  Policies and programmes promoting and protecting health
An Integrated Health Sector:
  A family health physician, the nurse
  Specialized health services
  Secondary and tertiary health care
  Flexibility in the development of hospital services
  Early and effective treatment off all patients
Managing for Quality of Care:
  The measurement of health outcomes
  Internationally standardized quality indicators
  The outcomes can be compared with those of peers
  More effective application of diagnostic and curative interventions
Resources for Health Care:
  The system to achieve high-quality
  Cost-effective use of resources
Developing Human Resources for Health:
  Educational programmes for health care providers and managers
  Educational programs for professional groups – architects, engineers, economists and sociologists
Research and Knowledge for Health = The role of research and information
  The application of new knowledge to health development
  National and local health information systems
  Monitoring of effective health policy
Mobilizing Partners for Health, such as Politicians, managers, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and individual citizens
21. Policies and Strategies for Health for All:
  At country, regional and local (schools and workplaces) levels
  Planning national policies and programs