Early Modern History Key Concepts: Reformation & Humanism

Bourgeoisie Defined

A non-privileged social group residing in cities, primarily engaged in trade, banking, or industry.

The Role of Parliament

A political institution that historically represented the nobility, clergy, and cities.

Understanding Humanism

A political, social, and cultural ideology originating at the beginning of the Early Modern Period. It is based on reason, progress, and the **value** of the human being.

Protestantism and the Reformation

A Christian religious confession that separated from the Catholic Church, based on the ideas of Martin Luther in the 16th century.

The Modern State (Authoritarian Monarchies)

Also known as authoritarian monarchies, the Modern State represents the transition from decentralized monarchies (characterized by powerful nobility) to centralized royal power, establishing a balance in control over territories and individuals.

Erasmus of Rotterdam: Influential Humanist

Erasmus of Rotterdam was a Catholic humanist who exerted significant influence. He opposed medieval thought and promoted reading, critical thinking, and research.

Calvinism

The faith and practice of the Protestant Church started by John Calvin.

The Council of Trent: Counter-Reformation

The Council of Trent was convened to halt the spread of Protestantism, correct errors within the Church, and establish Catholic dogmas.

Social and Economic Shifts in the Early Modern Era

Previously, society was theocentric. However, as epidemics subsided, the economy grew, largely driven by agriculture. Significant changes occurred in society's mindset due to the concept of Humanism, which promoted freedom and knowledge.

Key Promotions of Humanism

• **Scientific Interest:** To explain knowledge, intellectuals utilized observation and experimentation.
• **Human Progress:** Intellectuals maintained belief in God and the Christian faith, which they viewed as compatible with reason. This compatibility was seen as contributing to human progress and the creation of a better world.

Council of Trent Outcomes

The Council of Trent addressed three major areas:

1. Dogmas of the Catholic Faith Reaffirmed

• Salvation of man achieved through faith and good works.
• Reaffirmation of the seven sacraments.
• Declaration of the *Vulgate* as the only authoritative interpretation of the Holy Scripture.

2. New Ecclesiastical Discipline Implemented

• Prohibition of the sale of indulgences.
• Creation of diocesan seminaries to properly form the clergy.
• Obligatory residence of bishops in their diocese.
• Requirement of an exemplary and celibate life for the clergy.

3. The Catechism

A summary of the basic teachings of Catholicism and the moral guidelines that should be followed.