Direct and Reported Speech: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples
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Direct Speech & Reported Speech
*PS: I walk -----> Past S: I walked.
*PC: I'm walking -----> Past C: I was walking
*P perfect S: I have walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked
*Past S: I walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked.
*Past perfect S: I had walked -----> Past perfect S: I had walked
*am/is/are going to: I'm going to walk ---> was/were going to: I was going to
*will: I will walk -----> would: I would walk.
*can: I can walk -----> could: I could walk
*Must: I must walk -----> had to: I had to walk
Times and Places Expressions:
- -now -----> then, at that time
- -today -----> that day
- -tonight -----> that night
- -this (morning/week..) -----> that (")
- -yesterday -----> the day before
- -last (week/year..) -----> the (") before
- -(two days/ a year) ago ---> (") earlier
- -tomorrow -----> the following day
- -next (week/month/year) -----> the next (")
- -this -----> that
- -these -----> those
- -here -----> there.
Reported Questions:
- Direct question: verb + subject (e.g., "What are you from?" she asked)
- Reported question: subject + verb (e.g., She asked me where I was from)
Reporting Verbs and Structures
- For "tell" (+ object), "praise" (+ object), "say", "announce", "deny", and "admit", we use verb + that:
Example: "I'll call you" -----> She told me that she would call me. - For "offer", "promise", "agree", "tell" (+ object), "ask" (+ object), "advise", "order", "warn", and "remind", we use verb + to + infinitive. For negative sentences, we use verb + not + to + infinitive:
Example: "I'll text you" -----> He promised to text me. /////// "Don't do it" -----> He ordered me not to do it. - For "apologize for", "accuse" (+ of), "suggest", "admit", and "congratulate" (+ on), we use verb + -ing:
Example: "You stole it" -----> He accused me of stealing it.
Relative Pronouns and Verbs
- Who -----> for people.
- Whose -----> for possession.
- Which -----> for things.
- Where -----> for places.
- That or when -----> for time.
Defining and Non-Defining Clauses
- Defining clauses are essential and cannot be removed.
- Non-defining clauses are extra information and can be removed. They are enclosed in commas.
That, What, and Which
- That is used:
- To refer to a noun that comes before it (e.g., "Tennis is a sport that I love most.")
- After "all", "everything", "nothing", "something", and superlatives (e.g., "All that he wants is to win the race.")
- Which is used for everything else.
Active and Passive Forms:
- Affirmative/negative/questions: I am or I'm not + past participle // Am + I + past participle + ?
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| -PC: is/are eating | -is being eaten |
| -PPerfect: has/have eaten | -has/have been eaten |
| -Past S: ate | -was/were eaten |
| -Past Perfect S: had eaten | -had been eaten |
| -will: will eat | -will be eaten |
| -going to: is/are going to eat | -is/are going to be eaten |
| -Modal verbs: can/must/should eat | -can/must/should be eaten |
The Passive with "By"
- Active: Dior (subject/agent) designed (verb) this coat (object)
- Passive: This coat (subject) was designed (verb) by Dior (agent)
Passive with Two Objects:
- Active: They gave Sophia the present.
- Passive: The present was given to Sophia. // Sophia was given the present.
Impersonal and Infinitive Forms:
It + (be) + past participle + that
- Example: "They believe that the thief got away" -----> It is believed that the thief got away.
The Causative:
- We use "have" or "get" + object + past participle when a person does a task for us:
Example: I have/get my grocery shopping delivered. - We use "have" + object + past participle when a person does something to us:
Example: I've had my Facebook account hacked.