Digestive System, Breathing & Oxygen Administration: A Concise Review

The Large Intestine

The large intestine is divided into:

• Cecum (Blind): Located after the ileum, contains the appendix.
• Colon: Divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections.

Functions of the Large Intestine

• Absorbs water, forming feces. Feces consist of undigested food, few nutrients, and bile pigments.
• Synthesizes vitamins created by the intestinal flora. These flora digest substances we cannot and synthesize vitamins for us, a symbiotic relationship.

Rectum and Anal Canal

• Rectum: 15-20 cm in length.
• Anal Canal: 3 cm, opening to the outside through the anus.
• Anus: Contains two sphincters (muscle loops), one involuntary and one voluntary.

The Liver

The liver is located in the upper right quadrant, weighs approximately 1.5 kg, and has a garnet color. It has a double irrigation system, receiving blood from both the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein.

Functions of the Liver

• Secretes bile, which emulsifies fats to facilitate enzyme action. Bile also contains bilirubin (a mixture of aqueous and fatty substances).
• Processes and metabolizes nutrients.
• Produces plasma proteins (e.g., albumin).
• Contributes to the defense against gut microorganisms.
• Eliminates substances the body does not need or that are in excess. Liver damage can lead to cirrhosis.

Breathing Exercises

• Abdominal Breathing: Breathing using abdominal muscles.
• Blowing Candles: Expanding/collapsing lower ribs.

Procedures for Removing Secretions

These procedures are indicated in:

• Chronic respiratory diseases.
• Post-operative surgical procedures.

Techniques for Respiratory Care

• Deep breathing
• Clapping
• Postural drainage
• Coughing

Oxygen Therapy

A set of techniques that increase the concentration of oxygen above that found in ambient air.

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

A technique in which an artery (arterial blood) or a vein (venous blood) is punctured to obtain the concentration of oxygen and CO2 in the blood.

Indications for Oxygen Therapy

• Advanced obstructive pulmonary diseases
• Rib fractures
• Diaphragmatic injury
• Shock
• Heart failure
• Hemorrhages
• Some poisonings

Elements Necessary to Administer Oxygen

Central oxygen, oxygen cylinders (fixed/portable), pressure regulator, humidifier, and flowmeter.

Oxygen Delivery Methods

Mask of graded concentration, nasal cannula, tracheotomy and/or tracheostomy.