Diabetes Types, Alzheimer's, Obesity, and Nutrition

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes typically appears in children and young adults. It often manifests suddenly in individuals who are not overweight. People with Type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin.

It can be genetic in origin due to an autoimmune problem, where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own insulin-producing cells.

Symptoms:

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Constant hunger (polyphagia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Vision problems

Treatment involves regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas produces insulin to reduce glucose concentrations and glucagon to enhance them. A glucometer is used to measure glucose levels. Doctors may perform a glucose tolerance test to diagnose diabetes. Insulin can be injected using an insulin pen. Insulin pumps analyze insulin levels and automatically inject insulin when levels rise. The genetic revolution has enabled the production of human insulin through genetic engineering.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes typically develops after the age of 40. It is often related to poor diet and being overweight. It manifests gradually. Individuals with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin, but it may be insufficient or of poor quality.

Symptoms:

• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Polyuria
• Skin dryness
• Hives
• Loss of sensation in the legs
• Eye problems
• Persistent infections in wounds

Treatment may involve oral medications to reduce blood sugar levels.

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease discovered in 1906. It is the most frequent cause of senile dementia. The causes of this disease include the accumulation of amyloid-beta protein in neurons, eventually leading to their death.

While not directly inherited, there may be a genetic predisposition. Some research suggests a possible link to a virus that affects neurons. Tobacco use may contribute to neuronal deterioration. Cases of Alzheimer's are increasing in Europe. There is currently no cure, but treatments can help slow the progression of symptoms.

Obesity

Obesity is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 40 kg/m² or higher, which is considered morbid obesity.

It is a serious condition that can worsen other diseases, such as:

• Hypertension
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Cancers
• Sleep Apnea

Bariatric surgery may be an option when other treatments have been unsuccessful. Laparoscopic techniques allow for a quicker recovery. This involves making a small incision in the abdomen and using air to create space for the procedure.

Nutrition

A varied diet is essential for good health.

Recommendations:

• Avoid saturated fats
• Consume appropriate energy levels
• Follow the food pyramid
• Ensure a balanced intake of nutrients:
  • 60% carbohydrates
  • 25% fats
  • 15% proteins
• Consume at least 22 grams of fiber per day
• Limit salt intake to less than 3 grams per day
• Ensure that simple carbohydrates make up less than 10% of total carbohydrate intake
• Limit cholesterol intake to less than 300 grams per day
• Combine animal and plant proteins
• Eat 5 meals a day and maintain regular meal times