Cosmos Evolution: Big Bang to Natural Selection

Big Bang Theory

Both matter and energy, and space, were at the same point, called the primeval atom. The expanded atom caused a big explosion: the power went away in all directions and established matter. Helium and hydrogen particles and the stars were created, galaxies due to the condensation of matter.

Instruments Observation

Telescopes collect partial information about the universe. Satellites and probes have provided much relevant information on indirect methods, composition, and the structure of the Earth's interior. Measurements can teach us more about the content of the soil.

Seismic Waves

P waves and S waves, caused by catastrophes, reach Earth's surface. Discontinuities occur when the seismic wave enters another material. As detected in various places on the planet, Earth is divided into layers.

Earth's Main Layers

• Core
• Mantle
• Crust

Tectonic Plates

Lithospheric plates are not static; clashes between plates may trigger an earthquake.

Plate Edges

• Convergent Edges: Two plates collide, one subducting under the other.
• Divergent Edges: Two plates separate and are filled with magma.
• Lateral Movement Edges: Plates slide against each other, creating faults.

Theory of Evolution

Species originate from others. Species have components of an ancestor. Closer species are more similar. Some species have vanished but may have shared features with ancestors.

Fixism

Species are immutable and unchanging. Species are not derived from others or related.

Lamarckism

Species evolve over time to adapt to the environment.

Darwinism

Natural selection: only the fittest survive. Adaptation to the environment and the fight for survival lead to natural selection.

Neo-Darwinism

Random mutations in a population produce favorable changes, resulting in adaptation and slow evolutionary change through natural selection.