Core Principles of Visual Perception and Graphic Design

Understanding Visual Perception

Visual perception is the process by which an individual transforms and interprets sensory information to understand the surrounding world.

The Principle of Equilibrium

Equilibrium is a state in visual composition where elements are balanced, creating a sense of stability and rest.

Symmetry in Design

Symmetry is a type of visual equilibrium achieved through the balanced distribution of elements in a visual field. There are three main types:

• Bilateral Symmetry: The arrangement of elements is the same on both sides of an imaginary central axis.
• Radial Symmetry: Elements are arranged around a central point, which can be visible or hidden.
• Relative Symmetry (Asymmetry): Elements are arranged on both sides of an axis but are not identical, yet they still maintain a sense of overall balance.

Rhythm in Visual Composition

Rhythm is a design principle that suggests movement or action. It is present in the organic forms of nature and in human activities. There are three primary types of rhythm:

• Alternating Rhythm: Occurs when two or more motifs are repeated in the same sequence.
• Progressive Rhythm: An element is repeated with gradual changes in its size, width, height, or other attributes.
• Free Rhythm: Differs from the others by not being subjected to an established order, creating a more organic feel.

Key Compositional Elements

Enclosure

Enclosure refers to a space bounded by a line; the area that remains inside is perceived as the figure.

Figure and Ground

The figure and ground principle involves the relationship between an object (the figure) and its surrounding area (the ground). Increased contrast helps us perceive the figure as a limited shape against a background. Sometimes, the background itself can be perceived as the figure.

Composition

Composition is defined by the relationship of the parts to the whole. It involves the laws of harmony and proportion that govern the mutual relations of elements in the space or field, creating an organic unity.

Elements of Graphic Design

Graphic Design Fundamentals

Graphic design covers a variety of activities related to visual communication.

The Poster

A poster is defined as a notice massively exposed in public places to promote the consumption of a product, service, or idea, such as on a billboard.

Signs, Symbols, and Signals

Signs and symbols are foundational to visual communication. Signs are composed of basic core figures, while symbols, capable of disseminating knowledge to great effect, can be grouped into three main sectors:

• Pictograms: Composed of simplified drawings taken from nature and represented as a silhouette.
• Diagrams: Plotted representations that are independent of letters and pictures.
• Signals: The best-known signals are traffic signs, which have become an essential component of modern times for managing rapid movement.