Core Functions and Components of Operating Systems

Core Functions of Operating Systems

File System Structures and Types

A file system is the way information is organized and structured. Each operating system uses its own specific file system.

• FAT32: The number 32 indicates that allocation units are used in 32 bits. This file system was used in earlier versions of Windows and is currently utilized in many storage units that employ flash memory. Both Windows and GNU/Linux can read and write to units using this file system type.
• NTFS: This is the standard file system for all modern Windows versions, designed for use on large partitions.
• EXT3: This file system is used in most distributions of GNU/Linux. Windows operating systems are unable to read or write to this file system natively; however, applications exist for Windows that allow installing drivers to do so.
• HFS: This is the file system used on Apple Macintosh computers. Neither Windows (in its different versions) nor Linux can read or write to partitions with this file system type.

The Four Freedoms of Free Software

The concept of Free Software is defined by four essential freedoms:

1. The freedom to run the application for any purpose and whenever desired.
2. The freedom to study its operation, analyze how it is developed, and adapt it to user needs.
3. The freedom to copy the program freely.
4. The freedom to modify the program code and publish the improvements so that everyone can benefit from MNDO.

Device Configuration and Plug & Play

The operating system is responsible for configuring the various peripheral devices that are connected to the computer. These systems usually feature automatic recognition for connected hardware, known as Plug & Play systems. It is always advisable to install the original drivers provided by the manufacturers.

System Maintenance and Security Tools

Hard drives do not store information in a linear fashion, but in areas that are not necessarily contiguous. This results in fragmentation (empty spaces) on the hard drive, which slows down execution. Since most computers are connected to local area networks and the Internet, they are vulnerable to threats from programs that try to access them secretly, or viruses that can infect the system. It is advisable to use antivirus and firewall systems.

Operating System Security Differences

Windows systems are constantly exposed to malicious attacks by viruses, Trojans, and spyware. While Linux is generally less affected by virus attacks, one reason for this is the inherent security core of the operating system.

Managing Software Installation and Removal

The operating system is responsible for managing and maintaining the software and applications available on your computer. Tools are provided for:

• Installation of new operating system components or new applications.
• Updating the operating system or already installed programs.
• Uninstallation of applications that are outdated or unused, helping to free up hard disk space.

Networking Capabilities

Networking provides the following possibilities:

• Receive and send messages between users on the network.
• Share documents for multiple users to collaborate on them.
• Share hardware resources, utilizing devices connected to different computers on the network.
• Internet connection access.
• Save and open documents located on other computers on the network.