Core Construction Processes: Layout, Excavation, Foundations

Heavy Work in Construction

Key Construction Stages

• Design or Layout on the Ground
• Excavations
• Soil Improvement
• Emplantillado (Screed/Blinding)
• Concrete Foundations
• Plinth
• Fillers
• Pillars, Columns, and Piers
• Reinforced Concrete Walls
• Masonry Walls: Bricks and Concrete Blocks
• Establishing Chain Axes for the Project
• Beams and Lintels
• Reinforced Concrete
• Prefabricated Slabs
• Radieres (Slab on Grade)

Site Layout or Field Drawing

Materialization of Project Axes

Depending on the type of work, required accuracy, and project scope, equipment ranging from common tools (hose level, spirit level, steel tape measures, and other fabric measuring tapes) to more precise instruments like the telescopic level, total station, or theodolite may be used. These advanced instruments might include accessories such as distance meters and compasses, typically operated by a surveyor.

Materialization of Height or Reference Level

It is necessary to establish a reference height or level for the specified zero level, which usually corresponds to the finished floor level (NPT), typically slightly higher than the ground level. This reference height is transferred onto the building walls once constructed, usually marked at 1 meter above the finished floor level.

Excavations

Excavations can be performed manually, by machine, or using a combination of both. The method chosen primarily depends on the volume and type of material to be excavated, site access for machinery operation, and associated costs. In any case, the selected system must align with the chosen construction method and the project schedule.

Concrete Foundations

The dimensions, shape, concrete dosage, and reinforcement (if applicable) must strictly adhere to the project plans and specifications.

Minimum Requirements

• Depth: Minimum 60 cm. Foundations must penetrate at least 20 cm into firm, undisturbed ground. This assumes the foundation soil can support anticipated loads without exceeding permissible settlement limits for the structure itself.
• Thickness: Must be greater than or equal to the supported wall's thickness, with a minimum of 20 cm for concrete foundations. (Note: The related excavation width is often around 30 cm.)
• Dosage for Simple Foundations: Minimum 170 kg of cement per cubic meter (kg/m³), excluding any large aggregate filler (displacement material/plums).