Contemporary Conflict, Globalization, and Peacebuilding
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Contemporary Conflict in a Globalized World
The nature of contemporary conflict within globalization is multifaceted and complex. While often viewed negatively as violence, conflict is more accurately a dispute arising from clashing interests or needs. Inherent in human relations, conflict can lead to social transformation if managed constructively. It's crucial to distinguish conflict from violence, which seeks resolution by force, manifesting in structural and cultural forms. War, organized violence between political units, involves state and non-state entities.
Peace encompasses both the absence of violence (negative peace) and the creation of peaceful societies (positive peace). Achieving peace requires understanding and addressing conflict's multi-dimensional root causes. Contemporary armed conflicts are often intra-state with regional and international dimensions, involving non-state armed groups and causing high civilian casualties, particularly through small arms. Africa experiences significant armed conflicts, exacerbated by jihadist groups and historical factors like colonialism.
Causes and Consequences of African Conflicts
Debates on African wars' causes highlight the danger of oversimplified narratives focusing on identity, resource curse, failed states, or poverty. A multi-causal approach considering historical and global factors is necessary. Post-conflict, peacebuilding is crucial for consolidating peace, rebuilding societies, and addressing root causes. However, international efforts face challenges like standardization, top-down approaches, and securitization, which can undermine sustainability and legitimacy.
Case studies like Bosnia and Herzegovina illustrate the complexities of post-conflict peacebuilding, balancing stability and transformation. The European Union's Sahel strategy exemplifies the securitization turn in international affairs, prioritizing security but raising dilemmas about sovereignty, effectiveness, and long-term peace.
Truth, Reconciliation, and the Path Forward
Initiatives like Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) are vital in societies affected by violence, promoting truth, forgiveness, and reconciliation. In Colombia, the TRC facilitated a participatory process to uncover the truth about the armed conflict, aiming to foster healing and prevent future violence.
In conclusion, contemporary conflicts in the era of globalization are complex, involving diverse actors, interests, and dynamics. Comprehensive and nuanced approaches are essential for conflict resolution and peacebuilding.