Computer Network Essentials: Types, Components, and Protocols
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Understanding Computer Networks
- A computer network is the interconnection of multiple devices, generally termed as hosts, connected using multiple paths for the purpose of receiving data or media.
- Connected devices share information and resources.
- The channel or line is where this information is transmitted.
Computer Network Classifications
Networks can be classified in several ways:
- By Size: The most common classification.
- By Property
- By Connection Method
- By Topology
1. Network Classification by Size
- LAN (Local Area Network): Maximum of a building. The most frequent type, common in most offices.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Maximum of a city, connecting different buildings.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects devices from different cities or even countries.
2. Network Classification by Property
- Public/Open Networks: Example: The Internet.
- Private Networks: Only authorized persons can use them. Usually, it is a LAN network.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPN): Interconnection among different private networks.
3. Network Classification by Connection Method
- Guided Methods: Information travels as waves through wires.
- Twisted pair copper wires.
- Optical fiber.
- Unguided Methods (Wireless): Information travels as waves through the air.
4. Network Classification by Topology
- Bus Topology: Devices share the same channel (bus).
- Ring Topology: A closed network.
- Star Topology: Each device is connected to a switch, which sends the information.
LAN Network Elements
- Network Card: Devices that connect computers to the network. Usually integrated into the motherboard.
- Switch (Conmutador): A device that centralizes connections in a star network.
- Router: A device for the interconnection between different computer networks.
TCP/IP Protocol
- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.
- It is the necessary software in a computer network, useful for sending data between devices.
- It defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation, dividing data into layers.
Routing and Port Mapping
- Each ISP (Internet Service Provider) assigns an IP address to each computer.
- IP LAN: Refers to the gateway address.
- IP WAN: Refers to the public IP address.