Computer Hardware and Operating System Fundamentals

Microprocessor

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit with millions of tiny transistors that process instructions and data from memory.

• Clock rate: The microprocessor's speed.
• Number of bits: The amount of data a computer can process at once.

Memory

• RAM: Main memory for temporary data storage.
• ROM: Memory for startup programs and diagnostics.
• Cache: Stores frequently used data for the microprocessor.

Storage

• Hard disk: Device for permanent information storage.

Operating System

The operating system is a set of commands and programs that control basic computer processes and enable other programs to run.

• Manages the microprocessor, coordinating computer work.
• Manages memory and storage systems.
• Provides a user interface.
• Enables communication between applications and peripherals.

Operating System Workflow

1. The OS finds the application on the hard disk, copies it to RAM, and loads it onto the screen.
2. The program becomes the active application, receiving data and sending instructions through the OS.
3. When saving, the OS finds free space on the hard disk and transfers data from memory.
4. To print, the word processor sends a command to the OS, which signals the printer.
5. When closing the word processor, the OS removes the application from memory, but not from the hard disk.

Hard Disk Physical Structure

The hard disk is a stack of disks called plates, which store information magnetically.

• Each magnetic surface is called a face.
• Each face is divided into concentric rings called tracks.
• A cylinder refers to the same track on all disks.
• Each track is divided into sectors.