Computer Fundamentals: Memory Hierarchy, Peripherals, and Software Types

Computer Memory Hierarchy and Storage

The memory is organized into levels depending on the capacity, speed of access, and cost.

• CPU Registers

  Low capacity but high-speed storage integrated into the processor. Used to save and access frequently used data, typically in mathematical operations.

• Cache Memory

  Low capacity and very fast, with access times lower than 5 nanoseconds. Cache is interposed between the processor and main memory.

• Main Memory (RAM)

  Slower and larger in capacity than the cache.

• Secondary Memory or Disk

  High capacity storage, ranging from several Gigabytes (GB) to Terabytes (TB).

I/O Units and Peripherals

Peripherals are devices connected to the computer that can store information and communicate with the outside world.

Peripherals are classified into the following types:

• Input Peripherals

  Introduce external data into the computer for further processing by the CPU. The most common input peripherals include the mouse, keyboard, scanner, and microphone.

• Output Peripherals

  Reproduce information processed by the CPU so that it is perceptible to the user (e.g., monitor, printer).

• Storage Peripherals

  Handle saving data so that it remains available for future use (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).

• Communication Peripherals

  Facilitate interaction between two or more computers or between a computer and other external peripherals (e.g., network cards, modems).

Understanding Software Classification

Software is a set of programs, instructions, and rules used to implement specific computing tasks on a computer.

Classification by Type of Work Performed

• System Software

  Allows the hardware to function and permits the administration of physical or computer resources (e.g., Operating Systems).

• Application Software

  Programs designed to help users perform specific tasks in any field of activity that can be automated or assisted (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets).

• Programming or Development Software

  Provides the programmer with tools to write computer programs and utilize different programming languages and practices (e.g., compilers, IDEs).

Classification by Distribution and Specific Use

• Shareware

  A distribution model for utility programs and games, allowing the user to view the product for free for a specified time before purchase.

• Freeware

  Software distributed without charge.

• Multimedia Software

  Used to deliver programs integrating text, graphics, sound, and animations.

• Software for Specific Use

  Software developed specifically to solve a particular problem for an organization or person (e.g., custom enterprise resource planning).