Computer Fundamentals and Internet Connections

Computer Fundamentals

Basic Computer Scheme

Input, Process, Output.

Binary Code

Information in a PC is processed using binary code.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

A type of data storage generally located on the motherboard. It is volatile; all information is lost when the computer turns off.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

A non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The brain of the computer where most calculations take place. The CPU is the most important part of a computer system.

Motherboard

The physical arrangement in a computer that contains all the computer's components.

Analog vs. Digital Technology

In analog technology, information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude. In digital technology, information is translated into binary format.

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

A technology that converts different types of documents (scanned paper, PDFs, images) into editable and searchable data.

Internet Connection Types

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

Historically, a common connection type for homes and offices.

Advantages:

• No need for additional infrastructure.

Disadvantages:

• Limited to 56kbps in a single channel.
• Intermittent connection.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

A digital phone line connection using a network adapter instead of a modem.

Advantages:

• Has several channels.

Disadvantages:

• Requires special infrastructure.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

Combines advantages of PSTN and ISDN, becoming popular for homes and companies.

Advantages:

• High-speed channels.

Disadvantages:

• Bandwidth may be reduced depending on user location.

Wireless Networks

Use infrared light or radio waves instead of wires to transmit information.

Advantages:

• Faster
• Cheaper
• Adequate coverage
• Do not depend on wiring from other companies.

Satellite Connection

An option for those without access to terrestrial broadband (cable, ADSL) or where phone lines are unavailable.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Also known as NAVSTAR, a global navigation satellite system providing location and time information in all weather conditions.

Fiber Optic

Refers to the medium and technology for transmitting information as light pulses along glass or plastic strands. Carries a lot of information. They work by total internal refraction.

Cable Connection

Uses a fiber optic cable for data transmission between nodes.

Advantages:

• Light can be transported without interference.

Disadvantages:

• Requires costly new infrastructure.