Computer Fundamentals: Hardware, Software, and Networks

Hardware: Physical components of a computer, including electronic circuits and electromechanical devices.

Software: Logical programs that enable computer functionality, such as word processors and email clients.

Operating System: A core program that manages the execution of other programs and serves as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. Key properties include comfort, efficiency, and capacity evolution.

• Windows and Linux feature both graphical environments and command-line interfaces.

Hard Disk: Stores computer data and comprises plates, a motor, and a read/write head.

• Partition: A logical division of the hard drive.
• Defragmentation: Optimizes the hard disk by reorganizing data, reducing the time it takes for the computer to locate information. A maximum of 4 primary units are supported.

Command: A text-based instruction given by the user to the operating system.

Parameters: Data provided to the operating system to execute a command's specified action.

Cluster: The minimum unit of storage.

Computer Network: A system of interconnected computers that expands geographical reach, facilitates task coordination, enables resource sharing, and reduces costs.

Computer Management: Encompasses network configuration for linking remote computers, user account creation and management, and all tasks related to network operation.

Network Components: Server, Client, Resource Sharing, and Connecting Devices.

IP Address: A unique code that identifies a computer on the network.

The Server: The most powerful computer on the network, acting as a central resource provider.

Account: Grants individual access to users wishing to utilize the computer.

Permissions and Privileges: Define the actions users can perform on a computer.

Domain: A group of computers managed by a centralized server.

Wireless Network: Connects multiple computers without the use of cables.

Virus: Malicious software that operates without the user's knowledge.

• Types of Viruses: Worms, logic bombs, time bombs, Trojan horses, and bogus viruses.
• Trojan: A virus that steals information from the system.
• Antivirus: Software designed to protect against viruses. Symptoms of infection can include slow performance, unwanted messages, and data capture. Antivirus-Online services operate remotely on your PC.
• Filters and Rules Box: Configurable settings to prevent the reception of unsafe messages and block intruders via email.
• Firewall: Controls access to one or all computers within a network.
• Spyware: Software that captures users' private information.