Compound, Juxtaposed, and Subordinate Sentences

Compound Sentences

A compound sentence is formed by two or more independent clauses. Each part of the sentence has its own subject and predicate, and each clause expresses a complete thought. These clauses are typically joined by coordinating conjunctions or punctuation.

Juxtaposed Sentences

Juxtaposed sentences are a form of coordinated propositions. They form a rhythmic period and are separated by punctuation marks, most frequently commas.

Coordinated Sentences

Coordinated sentences can be further divided into subtypes:

• Copulative: Express a sum or series of actions. Copulative conjunctions that join them are "and", "which", and "not".
• Adversative: Express opposition between two ideas.
• Disjunctive: Express mutually exclusive actions (using "or").
• Distributive: Express an alternative distribution between two or more subjects or activities.
• Explanatory: Clarify the meaning of the preceding proposition.
• Inferential: Maintain the thread of discourse, often expressing consequence.

Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses are formed by two or more propositions, where one is the main proposition and the others play a specific syntactic function within the main clause. These clauses are classified as:

• Subordinate Noun Clauses
• Subordinate Adjective Clauses
• Subordinate Adverbial Clauses

Subordinate Noun Clauses

These clauses can play the same syntactic function as a noun phrase (NP).

Subordinate Adjective Clauses

These clauses function as complements to an adjective in the main clause, acting as qualifiers that limit or modify the noun. Related links play a syntactic function within the adjectival subordinate clause, which may or may not coincide with that of its antecedent. These include:

• "to"
• "which"
• "who"
• "whose"
• "where"
• "as"
• "when"

There are two classes of subordinate adjective clauses:

• Specifying: Restricts the core meaning of the noun.
• Explanatory: Expands the meaning of the noun.

Subordinate Adverbial Clauses

These clauses express place, time, condition, cause, comparison, etc. They can be classified as:

• Adverbial: Local, temporal, manner, and quantity.
• Circumstantial: Concessive, comparative, conditional, consecutive, final, and causal.

Circumstantial subordinate adverbial clauses are analyzed using a semantic approach rather than a syntactic one, unlike substantive and adjective clauses.

Subordinate Adverbial Clause Types

• Local: Indicate the place where the verbal action is performed. They answer the question "where?" and can be replaced by an adverb of place. The adverb "where" can introduce direct questions, indirect questions, subordinate adjectives, and local adverbial clauses.
• Modal: Express *how* the action of the main proposition is performed. They answer "how?" and are introduced by direct and indirect interrogative relatives, modal adverbial subordinates, and comparative circumstantial subordinates.
• Temporal: Express the time at which the action in the main proposition takes place. They answer "when?" and express before, during, or after.
• Comparative: Establish a comparison between two or more elements. The comparison may be of superiority, equality, or inferiority.
• Concessive: Express an objection to the action being performed as expressed in the main proposition. Often uses "although".
• Conditional: Express the condition that must be fulfilled to perform the action of the main proposition.
• Causal: Express a cause-effect relationship. The most characteristic form is indicative.
• Consecutive: Express the reverse of causality; starting from the cause to express the effect.
• Final: Express the purpose for which the action expressed in the main proposition is performed. The verb can be in the subjunctive or infinitive.