Comparing the surface wind to the 3000ft wind:

Igneous:form.Melting Magma(surface),Lava:magma extruded to surface,Granite&Basalt. Intrusive(below surf pluton-100km2batholith)Extrusive(above surf)90% crust,Jointing-parallel cracks,Exfoliation-peel-off.(Ex.Dome)

Sedimentary:compounds settling(weathering,compaction,cementation-Limestone&SandStone)strata=layers,Clastic sediments=transported water,wind,ice,grav.Chemical sediments=minerals dissolved solution.

Metamorphic:altering processes(heat&pressure)Harder,compression, crushed,cooked,shear and stress.Ex:Marble,Gneiss,slate.Foliated=texture distinct wavy lines of min. Plate tectonics:adrift cause convection currents in upper mantle 6cm/y,Pangae=allEarth-225mil y Triassic Period,Tectonic=building-constr.Sea-floor-spreading-64miKm mountain ridge,magma rises, youngest crust-oldest208mil.Subduction ZoneCont crust lighter tha ocea(driven underneath)Mariana Trench near Guam 11030m bellowsea.14Plates.Divergent Bound-spreading apart-Great Rift Valley in EAfrica.Convergent Bound-colliding(o-o,c-c,o-c)Jap2011 eaqua.Transform Bound-slide laterally-no-new-crustEx:San Andreas.Hot Spots-upwelling material(migrate,move,fixed)-beneath crust-Hawaiian-Emperor Islands chain(80milY)Seamounts-mountains-oceanfloor.Ring-of-Fire(Pacific Rim)(Pacific Plate is subducted).Iceland stradles hot sport-mid-ocean ridge NAmerican Plate &EurasianPlate.Volcanos-vents,conduits from asthenosphere&upper mantle through crust and out Earth surf.Landforms developed=volcanos.Beneath surface a magma chamber colletcs magma before eruption.Crater round depression near top.1300-1500V cones and mount, 500-600active (1 eruption in 10000y),50V erupt/y.Last30y $3bil,800000evacuation,29mi death.Lava=molten rock.Pyroclastics=tephra-chunks rocks launched out.Aa-rough jacgged surface-cracking of the thick lava skin.Pahoehoe-coiled,rope-looking surf, form by folding of the thin lava skin.Pele'sHair spun volcanic glass-stretched from lava.1Cinder Cone-small,short, cone-shaped hill from previous eruptions,Made of pyroclastic material and scoria2Caldera-basin-shaped depression after top collapsed after eruption(kettle)Can become lakes.3Flood Basalts-plateau basalts-long blankets of lava spreading over surface-Horizontal nature-Lava comes out of fissures(linear vents) in the Earths crust.4Shield Volcano-similarity to a knight's shield lying face-down -gentle & gradual slope, resulting crater at top/ From effusive eruptions.5Composite Volcano-massive explosive erup-known also stratovolcanoes due to diff layers of ash,rock&lava. -Cone shaped &steep slopes.Can be symetrical if one single erupting vent.

Effusive eruptions -gentler, magma is fluid and low-viscosity,gases easily escape.Few pyroclastics, small explosions.Explosive eruptions-Magma has higher viscosity due to melting subducted materials,magma conduit becomes plugged, gasses are trapped and build pressure.Large amounts of pyroclastics,little lava(Kilauea-Hawaii,M St. Helens)Where find volcanoes?Subduction zones c-oceanic,o-o, Spreading zones-sea-floor, continental rifts.Hot-spots.Earthquakes-Tension-stretching of rock strata-produces thinning of the crust and normal faults.Compression-shortening of crust-results in folding of crust and reverse faults.Shear-twisting or tearing motion-causes the crust to bend and strike-slip-faults.Strain-what rocks do when they are under stress.Folding-rocks bend.A type of crustal deformation from convergent plate bound and immense stress from 2plates pushing together.-Ridges are the top peacks, while through are low valleys. When rock layers slope downward and away from the topis called anticline, when downward and in towards bottom called syncline .Plunges are when axis of a fold not parallel to surface.Overturned anticlines are when folds are pushed together so much that they start to topple over.Faulting-rocks break.-Occurs when rocks are under much pressure that they crack of fracture.The sides move in relation to each other.When fracture occurs energy is released quickly and violently called earthquake.There are 3 types of faults based on how they are tilted in relation to fault plane.1Normal Faults result from tension stress rocks are pulled apart. After fracture one side will move vertically. Side of fault that moves downward called hanging-wall side, the higher side of fault footwall side. Cliffs  formed are called fault scarps, or escarpments. 2Thrust or reverse faults occur when rocks are pushed together with compression stress. In reverse faults the hanging wall moves upward so it is hanging above the footwall side (landslides).If fault plane is at low angle, one block will slide on top of the other -called thrust fault 1994 Northridge L.A earthquake.

3Strike-Slip Faults when fault movement is horizontal from shearing. Itcanbe right-lateral or left-lateral.-no clips-creates rift vallesys .San Andreas. Horst rock blocks that have faulted upward.Graben-rock blocks faulted downward.Basin&Range-a type of topography known for abrupt relief and angular rock structures.Bolson-low area between 2ridges in dry region,has slopes and a basin.Playas-are salt crust areas left behind when evap occurs in bolson or valley.Orogenesis-birth of mountains.Accumu of materials causes crust to thicken, followed by uplift.Seismic waves-Surface waves move along the top of crust,P-waves (pressure w) are compressional, the rock/magma these waves move through vibrates parallel to the wave motion.S-waves(shear waves) cause rock to move at 90degree angle to the wave motion(not th liquid).Focus-hypocenter-the point bellow the surf along a fault.Epicenter-point on the surf that is above focus,Foreshock-shaking that happens bef mainEvent,Aftershock-shaking that happens after main earthquake.(usually smaller).Richter Scale-measures seismic waves.Seismographrecord vibrations.Landforms-individual aspects of Earths topography(mount,valley,hill,caves)Landscape-is collection of landforms in one area.Geomorphologyis study of landforms.Denudation=any type of wearing away or moving od landf(water,wind,waves,ice)=weathering.Endogenic process-tectonic uplift create the initial landscape, the base point.Exogenic processsuck as weathering and erosion, work to wear landsc.destabilizing event=new starting point caused by physical event(fire,volcan etc)When system's energy >rocks resistance, reached geomophioc threshold or tipping point.1.EquilibriumStability,2DestabilizingEvent,3Period of adj,4New equi stability.Erosionwhen pieces of earth transported away.(mass movements=large scale)(factors cause weathering water,glaciars,wind,waves¤ts).Depositionmaterial set down in new place.Differential weathTop rock protects rock beneath.Slopesare the curved,inclined surfaces that are on boundaries and edges of landf.THe convex of slope(at top) called waxing slope, bottom one called wanin slope.Mechanical weath-frost action,salt-crystal growth, pressure-release joiting. Blockfieldrock pieces collect around.Talus steep slope form by boulders falling.Chemical Weth-Hydration,Hydrolysis,Oxidationo,Carbonation.Biological Weath-lichen take nutrients from rocks.Angle of repose is the slope steepness.Creepis slowwSolifluction cold climates-alternates freezing and thawing.,Slide downward-Slumps slides that rotate on curved surface.-Flow-fluid-earth-flow or debris flow,Fall.
Groundwat-bellow ground-(im)permeable,infiltration-downward movement of wat.Vadose zone-soil contains wat&air(zone of aeration)Phreatic zone-all soil pores filled with wat(alsozone of saturation)Top of phreatic zone=wat table.Aquifers=permeable layers of soil(Sandstone&limestone)Aquicludes=impermeable layers.Fluvial=related to streams&riv.Hydrology=study of water and how it moves.First streams=primary strefirst order,2combine=Second strea,2combine=Tertiary strea.Perennial streams=wat year roundEphemeral strea=wat dur rainy seasonIntermittent strea=have wat for some parts of y.Wat shed/drainage basin=all area belongs to strea/riv.Drainage divides-separates watersheds.Dendritic-tree-branchesTrellis-vineRadialaway centralDerangedno-pattern.Sheetflow=wat moves down slope in a thin sheet.Rills=small indentations/cracks collect wat.Gullies=biggerRills.AmazonRiv=largest.Fluvial.Discharged=amount of wat that moves dur a time.(cubic-m/s-or cfeet/s)Q=wdv(Qdischarge,wwidth,ddepth,vvelocity)Fluvial landforms-formed byErosion,Trans,Deposition.Base level=lowest elevation a stream can erode.Hydrograph=measure streams dischargeBase flow=low discharge amount during dry seasonsPeak flow=highest am.Of discharge after precip event.Erosiondepends on turbulence(hw rough wat is flow)andabrasion(how rock particles in wat scrape along the sides).Disolved load=solutionSuspended load=small particles that moe within wat setl at bottom.Bed load=larger pieces .Deposition:Aggradation=stream channel filled in by deposition of eroded mater.Alluvium=material that has been deposited(fertile)Alluvial fans=fan-shaped landscapes when an ephemeral stream empties out from narrow canyon.undercut banks=high vel areas-opposite=point bar deposits.OxbowLake=cut-off portion of river.Delta=triangular shape of alluvium that forms at river mouth.Floodplain=flat,low area around riv.Levees=barriers run parallel to riv.Karst Topography(caves systems):carbonation=limestone interacts with water(chem weathering).