Climograma and Pollution: Environmental Impact in Spain

Climograma

Un Climograma é un gráfico no que representamos simultaneamente os valores da temperatura media mensual, mediante unha liña, e os de precipitación media mensual, mediante barras verticais, dos doce meses do ano. No eixe vertical esquerdo situaremos as frecuencias de temperatura en oC (Graos Centígrados), tendo en conta se hai temperaturas inferiores a 0oC, pois nese caso haberá que deixar un espazo para representalas. As temperaturas medias mensuais están unidas por unha liña vermella 1.No eixe vertical dereito representaremos as precipitacións (en mm), tendo en conta as proporcións que debemos utilizar en función do total, sabendo que será necesario indicar o dobre do valor empregado no eixe vertical esquerdo. A diferenza das temperaturas, as precipitacións nunca teñen valores negativos. A precipitación total mensual está representada por unha barra azul.2. Réximes de precipitacións e temperaturas e tipo climático ao que corresponde:O total de precipitacións é de 1.246 mm polo tanto sitúase na España húmida, a distribución é bastante regular ao longo do ano, aínda que atopamos os máximos no outono e no inverno cun mínimo relativo en verán, non se observa ningún mes con

aridez. Temperatura media suave 14, 1o. Temperatura mínima anual en Xaneiro de 10o define un inverno suave e a máxima situada no mes de Agosto que non supera os 20o propio dun verán fresco, a oscilación térmica é de 10o moi baixa, corresponde a un clima de influencia marítima. Conclúese que se trata dun Clima Oceánico ou Atlántico. 3. Factores explicativos: a. Fronte polar: orixina as regulares precipitacións b. Anticiclón das Azores: favorece o mínimo relativo de precipitacións estivais c. Masas de aire: Polar marítima, ventos dominantes do oeste e noroeste d. Características da Península Ibérica: disposición periférica do relevo que obrigan ao aire a elevarse e producen chuvias na vertente de barlovento, a situación na costa é practicamente a nivel do mar explican as suaves temperaturas. 4. Influencia deste clima no medio. Vexetación. Desenvolvese o bosque temperado caducifolio de faias e carballos como especies autóctonas, sotobosque é a landa (matogueira de toxo, xesta e uz) e as praderías. Aparecen bosques mixtos de carballos, faias e coníferas. Moitos deles son alterados para implantar cultivos, pastos ou especies forestais alóctonas de rápido crecemento para a súa explotación comercial. Solos evolucionados, ricos en materia orgánica e ácidos, xa que as chuvias arrastran as bases.Ríos caudalosos e de réxime regular, sen a penas estiaxes. Salvan fortes desniveis polo que teñen unha forte capacidade erosiva, escavan vales estreitos e profundos.

Pollution

Pollution is one of the biggest and most negative environmental and social consequences that human activities have. It involves the introduction, in any medium, of a substance in sufficient quantity to cause any damage or imbalance, irreversible or not, and which may be harmful to the health, safety or welfare of the population or to plant or animal life. Pollution is classified according to the means it affects: ➢ Air Pollution. The main pollutants (especially carbon dioxide) come from combustion processes in transport activities, industries, electricity generation and domestic heating, as well as the evaporation of organic solvents and gas emissions, which have caused a hole in the layer. of ozone. ➢ Water Pollution. Generally, pollution of rivers, seas and groundwater comes from industrial spills and waste (with the presence of metals and high-temperature water) as well as untreated wastewater from the sanitation of towns and cities. Spanish industries officially recognize that every year they pour more than 1,200,000 tons of pollutants into the water. ➢ Soil Pollution. It appears after the application of insecticides, by leaks or breaks of sewage pipes and industrial products. The most common chemicals are petroleum products, solvents, insecticides and heavy metals. This type of pollution is closely related to the level of industrialization. Its action can be direct or by coming into contact with drinking water courses.
Pollution can also be classified based on the environmental pollutant method. Thus, we can distinguish between:

Chemical Pollution. It means the introduction of substances potentially dangerous to health and to the environment of the earth, in food, in air or in water. For example, excessive use of agricultural insecticides can affect aquifers and impact human health.
➢ Radioactive Pollution. Derived from the dispersion of radioactive materials, such as enriched uranium, used in medical or research facilities, in nuclear power plant.reactors, in atomic tests and which occurs by accident (such as the 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine or the 2011 in Fukushima in Japan) or by the handling of radioactive waste.
➢ Noise Pollution. It is pollution due to noise, excessive or annoying sound caused by factories, means of transport or certain leisure activities. It can cause discomfort, irritability, insomnia and partial deafness. While noise does not accumulate or move, nor is it maintained over time, like other pollutants, it can cause damage to people’s quality of life and the environment. Some city noises are above the sound pain principle (about 120 decibels).➢ Thermal Pollution. It takes place at a time when a process is changing the temperature of the environment in a harmful way, for example due to the discharge of hot water into a river: increasing the temperature decrease. the solubility of oxygen in the water, so it can lead to a high mortality of fish.
➢ Electromagnetic Pollution. It is produced from radiation generated by electronic equipment and electrical installations. In addition to creating problems in electrical appliances and data transmissionmobile

phone antennas are a constant source of controversy.
➢ Light Pollution. It refers to the glow of light diffused in the night sky and produced by artificial light from cities, vehicles and other infrastructure. It forces many animal and plant species to change their nocturnal habits and prevents astronomers from contemplating and studying the night sky.
➢ Visual Pollution. It occurs when the abundance, clutter or type of elements found in the landscape deteriorate its aesthetics. For example the one caused by windmills in the landscape of Galicia. Consciously or not, this pollution creates discomfort and affects our quality of life.
Pollution causes serious damage, threatens the lives of people, animals and plants and deteriorates our planet more and more intensely. The demarcation and cleaning of contaminated areas are often time and money consuming tasks. Current Spanish legislation incorporates the ecological crime through which those who repeatedly and consciously contaminate can be convicted (even with imprisonment).
According to a Greenpeace study, in Spain pollution has a direct relationship with the incidence of diseases and mortality: in our country 16,000 people die prematurely each year as a result of air pollution. That’s ten times more than the mortality that traffic accidents produce annually. In addition, in the most industrialized areas certain diseases such as cancer also have a more intense impact, which shows a direct relationship between industrial pollution and disease

In Spain, 4,000 workers die each year from exposure to chemicals and more than 33,000 get sick from the same cause.
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Global Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth since we have temperature records (mid-19th century). This increase is, for this century, between 0’3 to 1’7o C, up to 2’6 to 4’8o C, depending on the projected scenarios. For scientists it is "extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of warming observed since the middle of the twentieth century."
We would talk about climate change motivated by human influence and the intensity of the actions that produce the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and others. The effects of warming can lead to rising sea levels, changes in rainfall and the expansion of deserts. Other likely effects include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, and torrential rains.To refer to change of human origin, the term anthropogenic climate change is also used: today’s human actions are not only conditioning the climate in the long run but in the near future.The main causes of global warming include the greenhouse effect: Solar energy heats the earth's soil, which returns some (37.5%) of that energy to outer space while the rest is retained by the gases in the upper layers of the atmosphere. , producing its heating. It is what is called the greenhouse effect as it works the same as the windows of a gardening greenhouse but this time