Classical Era Composers: Mozart, Haydn, and Gluck's Masterpieces

Mozart and Opera

Mozart stands as one of the greatest composers in the history of opera. By the age of 12, he had already composed two operas, Bastien und Bastienne and La finta semplice. While charming, these early works weren't fully representative of his genius, as Mozart was still developing his understanding of dramatic texts. From The Abduction from the Seraglio onward, Mozart's operas defy easy categorization, each possessing unique traits. He demonstrated an unparalleled ability to express the full spectrum of human emotion, often blending serious and comic elements. Other significant works include The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and his final opera, The Magic Flute.

Haydn and Oratorio

Haydn's contributions to oratorio came later in his career. While excellent oratorio composers like Handel preceded him, Haydn found inspiration during his time in England, where the oratorio tradition was strong. Notable oratorios in his repertoire include The Creation, The Seasons, The Seven Last Words of Christ, and the unfinished The Last Judgment.

Haydn and England

Upon arriving in England, Haydn discovered his immense popularity, leading to an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. His time in England resulted in the composition of the twelve London Symphonies. Haydn shared a close friendship with Mozart, admiring and respecting him without envy. Haydn remained more firmly rooted in the Classical style, while Mozart, had he lived longer, might have transitioned into the Romantic era. Haydn also mentored a young Beethoven for a year.

Gluck and Opera

Gluck, born into humble circumstances, married into wealth and was knighted by the Pope. He revolutionized opera by prioritizing the music's service to the drama and emotional expression. He emphasized character development and replaced the traditional da capo aria with strophic songs and more developed compositions. The chorus became an active participant in the drama, and the overture foreshadowed the action. These changes are evident in operas like Orpheus and Euridice.

Features of the Classical Period

The Classical period, spanning roughly the second half of the 18th century, coincided with the rise of Neoclassicism in other arts. Key characteristics include:

• Inspiration from Greco-Roman aesthetics, emphasizing order and balance.
• Imitation of nature, striving for simplicity of form and clarity of line.
• Bimodality.
• The gradual disappearance of the basso continuo.
• Perfection of the sonata form.
• Natural and fluid modulation.
• Prevalence of instrumental music.
• Emphasis on choral music.
• Development of modern orchestration and refined instrumental treatment.