Chemical Principles, Gas Dynamics, and Construction Materials

Fundamentals of Materials and Chemistry

Construction Materials and Compounds

Materials include pre-fabricated and worked products such as ADVEST, TRUPAN, MASISA, Cholguán, CEMENT, and Vulcanite.

Key Compounds

• Tannin: Provides a coffee wood color.
• Mortar/Concrete: A mixture typically composed of sand, cement, and stone.

Atomic Structure and Elements

A compound is formed from atomic elements. Key concepts include:

• Atomic Number (No.): The number of electrons (or protons).
• Atomic Mass (A): Represents the energy contained within the protons and electrons.
• Symbol: The abbreviation for the element. (Note: Atomic mass is often referred to as atomic weight.)

Key Elements Data

The following table lists elements by Symbol, Atomic Number (No.), and Atomic Mass (A):

Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature

Organic vs. Inorganic Chemistry

Non-metallic elements often form negative ions (anions).

• Organic Chemistry: Deals with compounds related to vegetables and animals (carbon-based life).
• Inorganic Chemistry: Primarily deals with metals and non-carbon-based compounds.

Valence and Naming Conventions

Valence is the measure of an element's capacity to form compounds.

In nomenclature, suffixes are used to denote valence states:

• The suffix -OSO indicates the lower valence state.
• The suffix -ICO indicates the highest valence state.

Compound Classification

Compounds are classified into categories such as Salts, Bases, and Acids.

• Salts: Examples include sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and calcium chloride.
• Hydroxides (Bases): These compounds are formed when metal oxides react with water.

Example: Copper Hydroxide formation

$$\text{Cu} + \text{H}_2\text{O} = \text{Cu}(\text{OH})_2 = \text{Copper Hydroxide}$$

Properties and Behavior of Gases

Gas Characteristics and Phase Changes

Common Gases: Helium.

Gas molecules are widely dispersed and occupy very large volumes. All elements (solid, liquid, or gas) can be converted into a gas state by heating, which causes their volume to increase.

Key Properties of Gases

• Easily compressed.
• Possess high mobility.
• A minimum amount of compressed gas is required.
• Simple gas species are constituted by a single atom (e.g., noble gases).
• A mole represents the number of molecules of a gas.

Gases can be liquefied to lower their volume (compression and cooling).

Postulates of Rudolf's Law (Kinetic Theory)

The following principles describe the behavior of gases:

1. Gases consist of large quantities of molecules that are in continuous, random motion.
2. The volume occupied by all molecules is insignificant compared to the total volume of the space containing the gas.
3. The strength of attractions and repulsions between gas molecules is negligible.
4. Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic. (When gas molecules collide, the collision is elastic.)
5. The measure of the kinetic energy between molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature (T°).
6. An increase in the temperature of a gas means an increase in the kinetic energy between particles.

Industrial Applications and Chemical Phenomena

Welding Processes and Byproducts

• Acetylene: Used in oxygen-acetylene welding.
• Electric welding processes can produce Ozone.
• Gas is used in solders for construction elements.

Chemical Corrosion and Acidity

Any element submerged in a substance may corrode; this process requires specific acidity and viscosity levels.

The presence of the H+ ion is directly linked to acidity; the higher the concentration of H+, the more acidic the substance.