Chemical and Biological Processes: Reactions, Compounds, and Cell Division
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Chemistry
What is a Chemical Change?
A chemical change is a reaction that causes new substances with new properties to form.
Evidence of a Chemical Change:
- Gas bubbles
- Light/Heat
- Colour change (must be combined with another chemical evidence)
- Precipitate forms
Physical Properties
Examples of physical properties include:
- Melting point
- Boiling point
- Atomic mass
- Colour
- Malleability
- Conductivity
- Lustre
Key Terms:
- a) Valence electron: electron in the outermost shell/orbit
- b) Stable octet: full valence shell (usually 8)
- c) Cation: positively charged ion (loses electron)
- d) Anion: negatively charged ion (gains electron)
Chemical Formulas:
- Aluminum chloride: AlCl3
- Lead (IV) oxide: PbO2
- Copper (II) nitrate: Cu(NO3)2
- Beryllium carbonate: BeCO3
- Sodium phosphide: Na3P
- Barium hydroxide: Ba(OH)2
- Potassium phosphate: K3PO4
Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds
Molecular compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metals. Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal.
Examples of Molecular Compounds:
- a) Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4
- b) Sulfur dioxide: SO2
- c) Nitrogen trifluoride: NF3 (note: no mono for nitrogen)
- d) Disilicon hexabromide: Si2Br6
- e) Dinitrogen trioxide: N2O3
- f) Phosphorus tribromide: PBr3
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is not gained or lost during a chemical reaction. Reactant mass must equal the mass of the products.
Types of Reactions:
- Single displacement
- Decomposition
- Double Displacement
Neutralization Reaction
A neutralization reaction is when an acid reacts with a base to produce water and salt. It is used to maintain a neutral pH level.
Products: water and salt
BASES HAVE HIGHER PH
Biology
Cell Division Stages
Prophase:
The cell prepares for division by duplicating DNA and positioning centrioles.
Metaphase:
Chromosomes align along a central axis, and tubules connect to the centromeres.
Anaphase:
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase:
The cell membrane closes in, splitting the cell into two separate cells.
Interphase:
The cell is in its normal state, growing and preparing for future division by duplicating nucleic acids.