The Catholic Monarchs, Carlos I, Felipe II, and the Discovery of America
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The Catholic Monarchs
- Domestic Policy: Submission of the nobility, corregidores, Santa Hermandad, Councils reformed as royal advisory body, Audiences to administer justice, permanent army. Territorial unification: Granada 1492, Canary Islands 1496, and Navarra 1512.
Religious unification: Expulsion of the Jews 1492, establishment of the conversion or expulsion of Muslims 1512, establishment of the Court of the Inquisition 1478
- Foreign Policy: Conquest of Melilla 1497, Orán 1509, Trípoli 1510. Alliances with England, Burgundy, and the Pope. Aragon will hold the line of expansion in the Mediterranean. Recovery of Naples against France. Discovery of America
Carlos I
- Domestic Policy: Commoners rebellion 1520, Germanias revolt 1519
- Foreign Policy: He only spent 17 of 40 years in Spain. War against France over Italy. War against the Turks for the control of North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea
Felipe II
- Domestic Policy: Rebellion of the Moorish in the Alpujarras, Granada 1568. Revolt of Aragon 1589
- Foreign Policy: War against Turks in the Mediterranean, win in Lepanto 1571. Rebellion in the Netherlands Protestants in the north and Catholics in the south. North won. War against England for supporting Protestants in the Netherlands. England won 1588. War against France defeating them at San Quintin 1557
Discovery of America
Indigenous: Aztecs, Maya, and Incas
- Consequences: Spain and Portugal became colonial empires. Geographical knowledge made progress. Increase of European economy. Christianity was expanded. New products, mastication.
- Society: Europeans, criollos, mestizos, indigenous, mulatos, zambos, and black slavery
- Prompted: New route to the Far East, spread of Christianity, Renaissance mentality, contributions with science and technology